Dietary restriction and insulin‐like signalling pathways as adaptive plasticity: A synthesis and re‐evaluation,Functional Ecology

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Dietary restriction and insulin‐like signalling pathways as adaptive plasticity: A synthesis and re‐evaluation
Functional Ecology ( IF 4.6 ) Pub Date : 2019-08-21 , DOI: 10.1111/1365-2435.13418
Jennifer C. Regan ₁ , Hannah Froy ₂ , Craig A. Walling ₃ , Joshua P. Moatt ₃ , Daniel H. Nussey _{1,

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Affiliation

Dietary restriction (DR) under laboratory conditions generally extends life span and delays ageing across species as diverse as yeast, nematode worms, flies and mice, and is underpinned by taxonomically conserved physiological pathways, notably the insulin‐like signalling pathway (IIS). Despite growing excitement about the links between DR/IIS and ageing within biogerontology, our understanding of why the DR response and associated pathways evolved under natural selection remains controversial and limited. Here, we provide a brief overview of current understanding of the relationship between DR and IIS and ageing from modern biogerontology and go on to summarize the evidence that the IIS pathway integrates a range of important environmental cues including photoperiod, temperature and humidity, as well as nutrition. We go on to discuss the main existing evolutionary explanations for DR and argue that they are not mutually exclusive and are too nutrition‐focussed to fully explain the evolutionary origin of the IIS pathway. In the wild, environmental cues and pressures are dynamic and multivariate, and physiological pathways capable of integrating multiple predictive cues could be strongly favoured by natural selection. We hypothesize that the IIS and related pathways, such as mTOR, evolved to detect and integrate a wide range of environmental cues (not just diet) that are predictive of important selective pressures in the wild. Available evidence suggests the pathway is capable of triggering a range of phenotypic responses, depending on the cues provided, ranging from profound physiological remodelling (e.g. diapause, aestivation, hibernation) associated with promoting survival through challenging environments, to more subtle responses to acute, fine‐scale variation in the environment which may allow individuals to better match their level of reproductive investment to their conditions. We argue that the IIS pathway underpins important adaptive phenotypic plastic responses to a wide range of environmental inputs, of which diet is just one. A multi‐disciplinary approach combining perspectives and methods from biogerontology, cell biology, ecology and evolutionary biology will be essential to develop our understanding of the evolutionary origins of this pathway and the way natural selection and the environment have shaped variation in the IIS pathway's response to different environmental cues. A free Plain Language Summary can be found within the Supporting Information of this article.

中文翻译：

饮食限制和胰岛素样信号通路作为适应性可塑性：综合和重新评估

实验室条件下的饮食限制 (DR) 通常可以延长寿命并延缓衰老，包括酵母、线虫、果蝇和小鼠等不同物种，并以分类学上保守的生理途径为基础，尤其是类胰岛素信号通路 (IIS)。尽管生物老年学中 DR/IIS 与衰老之间的联系越来越令人兴奋，但我们对为什么 DR 反应和相关途径在自然选择下进化的理解仍然存在争议和有限。在这里，我们简要概述了现代生物老年学对 DR 和 IIS 与衰老之间关系的当前理解，并继续总结了 IIS 途径整合了一系列重要环境因素的证据，包括光周期、温度和湿度，以及营养。我们继续讨论 DR 的主要现有进化解释，并认为它们并不相互排斥，而且过于注重营养，无法充分解释 IIS 途径的进化起源。在野外，环境线索和压力是动态的和多变量的，能够整合多种预测线索的生理途径可能会受到自然选择的强烈青睐。我们假设 IIS 和相关通路，如 mTOR，进化为检测和整合广泛的环境线索（不仅仅是饮食），这些线索可以预测野外的重要选择压力。现有证据表明，该途径能够触发一系列表型反应，这取决于所提供的线索，从深刻的生理重塑（例如滞育、夏眠、冬眠）与在具有挑战性的环境中促进生存相关，对环境中急性、精细变化的更微妙的反应，这可能使个人能够更好地将其生殖投资水平与其条件相匹配。我们认为 IIS 途径支持对各种环境输入的重要适应性表型塑料反应，饮食只是其中之一。将生物老年学、细胞生物学、生态学和进化生物学的观点和方法相结合的多学科方法对于我们理解该通路的进化起源以及自然选择和环境如何影响 IIS 通路对 IIS 通路响应的变化至关重要。不同的环境线索。

更新日期：2019-08-21

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