Many classical therapeutants are going to be banned in Europe, and an urgent need for alternatives is emerging. This issue can be exemplified by one major parasitic disease in aquaculture and ornamental fish breeding: velvet disease. This disease, caused by dinoflagellates of the genera Amyloodinium and Piscinoodinium, is an important infection affecting cultured freshwater and marine ornamental and food fish, and consistently causes great financial loss to the associated industries. Therapeutants available contain copper, malachite green, or methylene blue, and which can be toxic to non‐target organisms in the surrounding environment. As a result, these chemicals are banned for use by the aquaculture industry in several countries, and a prohibition for commercial ornamental fishkeeping is likely to follow in most countries. Increasing development of resistance to therapeutants, and growing public awareness for animal welfare and environmental protection, have prompted research in the areas of alternative treatment options and immunostimulants. Hydrogen peroxide and peracetic acid are possible ‘green’ therapeutants which do not contribute residues to the environment. Natural feed supplements such as pre‐ and probiotics can increase animal welfare and prevent stress and/or infections. Humic substances are another promising, natural immunostimulants which will be considered in depth. The aim of this review is to provide an overview of risks and benefits of current treatment options and new approaches to replace harmful therapeutants and minimize the number of toxic residues discharged into the environment. Treatments will be discussed on various parasitic infections and focus, where available, on Amyloodinium and Piscinoodinium.

中文翻译：

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可持续的水产养殖需要对鱼类疾病采取环境友好的治疗策略

在欧洲，许多经典的治疗药物将被禁止，并且对替代药物的迫切需求正在出现。这个问题可以通过水产养殖和观赏鱼育种中的一种主要寄生虫病来举例说明：天鹅绒病。这种疾病，造成属的甲藻鞭毛虫和Piscinoodinium是一种重要的感染，影响养殖的淡水，海洋观赏鱼和食用鱼，并始终给相关行业造成巨大的经济损失。可用的治疗剂包括铜，孔雀石绿或亚甲基蓝，它们可能对周围环境中的非目标生物有毒。结果，这些化学品在一些国家被禁止用于水产养殖业，并且在大多数国家中很可能会禁止商业性观赏鱼饲养。对治疗剂的抗药性的增长以及对动物福利和环境保护的公众意识的提高，促使人们在替代治疗选择和免疫刺激剂领域进行了研究。过氧化氢和过氧乙酸是可能的“绿色”治疗剂，不会对环境造成残留。天然饲料补充剂（如益生菌和益生菌）可以增加动物福利并防止压力和/或感染。腐殖质是另一种有前途的天然免疫刺激剂，将被深入研究。这篇综述的目的是概述当前治疗方案的风险和益处，以及替代有害治疗剂并减少排放到环境中的有毒残留物数量的新方法。将讨论各种寄生虫感染的治疗方法，并在可能的情况下重点关注 天然免疫刺激剂，将被深入研究。这篇综述的目的是概述当前治疗方案的风险和益处，以及替代有害治疗剂并减少排放到环境中的有毒残留物数量的新方法。将讨论各种寄生虫感染的治疗方法，并在可能的情况下重点关注 天然免疫刺激剂，将被深入研究。这篇综述的目的是概述当前治疗方案的风险和益处，以及替代有害治疗剂并减少排放到环境中的有毒残留物数量的新方法。将讨论各种寄生虫感染的治疗方法，并在可能的情况下重点关注阿米din啶和吡辛鎓。