Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) notoriously has a poor prognosis. It is currently the fifth most common malignancy and the second leading cause of cancer-related death worldwide.^1,2 Current first-line systemic therapy, such as sorafenib, can only extend the overall survival of patients with advanced HCC by 3 months and is associated with significant adverse effects.³ Although HCC is an immunogenic cancer that expresses various tumor associated antigens (TAAs), immune therapies have not demonstrated meaningful efficacy against HCC for decades.⁴ Interest in immune therapies was recently reinvigorated by the success of a programmed cell death protein 1 (PD-1) blockade observed in the treatment of advanced melanoma first reported in 2010.⁵ Since then, several monoclonal antibodies directed against the immune inhibitory molecules PD-1, programmed cell death-ligand 1 (PD-L1), and cytotoxic T lymphocyte-associated antigen 4 (CTLA-4), have been trialed, with promising antitumor immune responses seen against many solid tumors from bench to bedside.

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肝细胞癌的免疫治疗：最新进展和未来展望

众所周知，肝细胞癌（HCC）的预后很差。目前，它是全球第五大常见恶性肿瘤，也是癌症相关死亡的第二大原因。^1,2目前的一线全身治疗，如索拉非尼，只能将晚期 HCC 患者的总生存期延长 3 个月，并且伴有显着的不良反应。³尽管 HCC 是一种表达多种肿瘤相关抗原 (TAA) 的免疫原性癌症，但免疫疗法几十年来尚未证明对 HCC 具有有意义的疗效。⁴最近，由于在 2010 年首次报道的晚期黑色素瘤治疗中观察到的程序性细胞死亡蛋白 1 (PD-1) 阻断的成功，人们对免疫疗法的兴趣重新燃起。5 此后，几种针对免疫抑制分子 PD 的单克隆^抗体出现-1、程序性细胞死亡配体 1 (PD-L1) 和细胞毒性 T 淋巴细胞相关抗原 4 (CTLA-4) 已经过试验，从实验室到临床，都对许多实体瘤产生了有希望的抗肿瘤免疫反应。