Athletes are continually seeking new technologies and therapies to gain a competitive edge to maximize their health and performance. Athletes have gravitated toward the use of wearable sensors to monitor their training and recovery. Wearable technologies currently utilized by sports teams monitor both the internal and external workload of athletes. However, there remains an unmet medical need by the sports community to gain further insight into the internal workload of the athlete to tailor recovery protocols to each athlete. The ability to monitor biomarkers from saliva or sweat in a noninvasive and continuous manner remain the next technological gap for sports medical personnel to tailor hydration and recovery protocols per the athlete. The emergence of flexible and stretchable electronics coupled with the ability to quantify biochemical analytes and physiological parameters have enabled the detection of key markers indicative of performance and stress, as reviewed in this paper.

运动员不断寻求新技术和疗法来获得竞争优势，以最大程度地提高他们的健康和表现。运动员倾向于使用可穿戴式传感器来监视其训练和恢复情况。运动队目前使用的可穿戴技术可以监视运动员的内部和外部工作量。然而，体育界仍然存在未满足的医疗需求，以进一步了解运动员的内部工作量，以针对每个运动员量身定制恢复方案。以无创且连续的方式监测唾液或汗液中生物标志物的能力仍然是运动医疗人员根据运动员调整水合和恢复方案的下一个技术差距。