Exosomes are abundantly secreted extracellular vesicles that accumulate in the circulation and are of great interest for disease diagnosis and evaluation since their contents reflects the phenotype of their cell of origin. Tumor‐derived exosomes (TDEs) are of particular interest for cancer diagnosis and therapy, since most tumor demonstrate highly elevated exosome secretion rates and provide specific information about the genotype of a tumor and its response to treatment. TDEs also contain regulatory factors that can alter the phenotypes of local and distant tissue sites and alter immune cell functions to promote tumor progression. The abundance, information content, regulatory potential, in vivo half‐life, and physical durability of exosomes suggest that TDEs may represent a superior source of diagnostic biomarkers and treatment targets than other materials currently under investigation. This review will summarize current information on mechanisms that may differentially regulate TDE biogenesis, TDE effects on the immune system that promote tumor survival, growth, and metastasis, and new approaches understudy to counteract or utilize TDE properties in cancer therapies.

中文翻译：

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肿瘤来源的外来体（TDE）：如何避免尾巴刺痛。

外泌体是分泌丰富的细胞外小泡，它们在循环中积累，对疾病的诊断和评估非常感兴趣，因为它们的含量反映了其起源细胞的表型。肿瘤来源的外来体（TDE）对于癌症的诊断和治疗尤为重要，因为大多数肿瘤显示出高的外来体分泌率，并提供有关肿瘤基因型及其对治疗的反应的特定信息。TDEs还含有调节因子，可以改变局部和远处组织部位的表型，并改变免疫细胞功能以促进肿瘤进展。丰度，信息含量，调节潜力，体内半衰期，外来体的物理耐久性和持久性表明，TDE可能代表了比目前正在研究的其他材料更好的诊断生物标志物和治疗靶标来源。这篇综述将总结有关可能差异调节TDE生物发生的机制，TDE对免疫系统的促进肿瘤存活，生长和转移的作用的最新信息，以及在癌症治疗中正在研究抵消或利用TDE特性的新方法。