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The ecological outcomes of biodiversity offsets under “no net loss” policies: A global review
Conservation Letters ( IF 7.7 ) Pub Date : 2019-07-17 , DOI: 10.1111/conl.12664
Sophus O. S. E. zu Ermgassen 1 , Julia Baker 2 , Richard A. Griffiths 1 , Niels Strange 3 , Matthew J. Struebig 1 , Joseph W. Bull 1
Affiliation  

No net loss (NNL) biodiversity policies mandating the application of a mitigation hierarchy (avoid, minimize, remediate, offset) to the ecological impacts of built infrastructure are proliferating globally. However, little is known about their effectiveness at achieving NNL outcomes. We reviewed the English‐language peer‐reviewed literature (capturing 15,715 articles), and identified 32 reports that observed ecological outcomes from NNL policies, including >300,000 ha of biodiversity offsets. Approximately one‐third of NNL policies and individual biodiversity offsets reported achieving NNL, primarily in wetlands, although most studies used widely criticized area‐based outcome measures. The most commonly cited reason for success was applying high offset multipliers (large offset area relative to the impacted area). We identified large gaps between the global implementation of offsets and the evidence for their effectiveness: despite two‐thirds of the world's biodiversity offsets being applied in forested ecosystems, we found none of four studies demonstrated successful NNL outcomes for forested habitats or species. We also found no evidence for NNL achievement using avoided loss offsets (impacts offset by protecting existing habitat elsewhere). Additionally, we summarized regional variability in compliance rates with NNL policies. As global infrastructural expansion accelerates, we must urgently improve the evidence‐base around efforts to mitigate development impacts on biodiversity.

中文翻译:

“无净损失”政策下生物多样性的生态结果抵消:全球审查

在全球范围内,没有任何强制要求对已建成的基础设施的生态影响应用缓解等级(避免,最小化,修复,抵消)的净损失(NNL)生物多样性政策。但是,人们对它们在实现NNL结果方面的有效性知之甚少。我们回顾了英语同行评审的文献(捕捉了15,715篇文章),确定了32份报告,这些报告观察到了NNL政策的生态成果,包括超过300,000公顷的生物多样性补偿。尽管大多数研究使用了广受批评的基于地区的成果指标,但大约有三分之一的NNL政策和个人生物多样性补偿报告实现了NNL,主要是在湿地。最成功引用的原因是应用高偏移乘数(相对于受影响区域而言较大的偏移区域)。我们确定了全球补偿措施实施与有效性证据之间的巨大差距:尽管世界上三分之二的生物多样性补偿措施已应用于森林生态系统,但我们发现四项研究均未显示出森林栖息地或物种的NNL成功成果。我们还没有发现使用避免的损失补偿(通过保护其他地方的现有栖息地而抵消的影响)实现NNL的证据。此外,我们总结了NNL政策遵守率的地区差异。随着全球基础设施扩张的加速,我们必须围绕改善减轻对生物多样性的影响的努力紧急改善证据基础。在森林生态系统中应用了生物多样性补偿后,我们发现四项研究均未显示出对森林生境或物种成功实施NNL的成果。我们还没有发现使用避免的损失补偿(通过保护其他地方的现有栖息地而抵消的影响)实现NNL的证据。此外,我们总结了NNL政策遵守率的地区差异。随着全球基础设施扩张的加速,我们必须围绕改善减轻对生物多样性的影响的努力紧急改善证据基础。在森林生态系统中应用了生物多样性补偿后,我们发现四项研究均未显示出对森林生境或物种成功实施NNL的成果。我们还没有发现使用避免的损失补偿(通过保护其他地方的现有栖息地而抵消的影响)实现NNL的证据。此外,我们总结了NNL政策遵守率的地区差异。随着全球基础设施扩张的加速,我们必须围绕改善减轻对生物多样性的影响的努力紧急改善证据基础。我们总结了NNL政策遵守率的地区差异。随着全球基础设施扩张的加速,我们必须围绕改善减轻对生物多样性的影响的努力紧急改善证据基础。我们总结了NNL政策遵守率的地区差异。随着全球基础设施扩张的加速,我们必须围绕改善减轻对生物多样性的影响的努力紧急改善证据基础。
更新日期:2019-07-17
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