Barium cerate, a novel solid base catalyst was employed in transesterification reaction for biodiesel production. The catalyst was characterized by Thermogravimetric analyses, powder X-ray Diffraction, Scanning Electron Microscopy attached with energy dispersive unit, Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy. Karanja oil was used as non-edible feedstock for biodiesel production. The fatty acid profile of feedstock was analyzed by Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry. In the present study, calcination temperature was optimized for synthesis of perovskite barium cerate with highest phase purity. Additionally, various Ba/Ce stoichiometric ratios were also checked to evaluate the active metal phase of catalyst. Ultimately, perovskite structure with 1:1 Ba/Ce was found to be most efficient one to catalyze the transesterification. This owed to the higher basicity value as well as compact and well-arranged perovskite crystal system which facilitate the catalysis on its surface. It produced the karanja oil methyl ester with 98.4% conversion at following experimental conditions: catalyst dose (1.2 wt %), oil to methanol molar ratio (1:19), reaction temperature (65 °C), reaction time (100min), and agitation speed (600 rpm). The pseudo-first order kinetic model was also successfully established for transesterification reaction. Green chemistry metrics (E-factor) and turn over frequency were also evaluated for methanolysis reaction. Barium cerate exhibited sixth cycle reusability with 81% methyl ester conversion. Therefore the prepared catalyst was ascertained as a sustainable heterogeneous catalyst for transesterification reaction. The physicochemical properties of the synthesized karanja oil methyl ester were measured according to ASTM D 6751 and were found to be within the permissible range. It ensured the compatibility of produced biodiesel with existing CI engines without any further modification.

中文翻译：

---

使用铈酸钡作为生物柴油生产的多相催化剂清洁高效地生产生物柴油；动力学和热力学研究


铈酸钡是一种新型固体碱催化剂，用于生物柴油生产的酯交换反应。通过热重分析、粉末X射线衍射、能量色散扫描电子显微镜、傅里叶变换红外光谱对催化剂进行了表征。卡兰加油被用作生物柴油生产的非食用原料。通过气相色谱-质谱法分析原料的脂肪酸谱。在本研究中，优化了煅烧温度以合成具有最高相纯度的钙钛矿铈酸钡。此外，还检查了各种Ba/Ce化学计量比以评估催化剂的活性金属相。最终，Ba/Ce 为 1:1 的钙钛矿结构被发现是催化酯交换反应最有效的结构。这归因于较高的碱度以及致密且排列良好的钙钛矿晶系，有利于其表面的催化作用。在以下实验条件下生产了卡兰加油甲酯，转化率达 98.4%：催化剂剂量（1.2 wt%）、油与甲醇摩尔比（1:19）、反应温度（65 °C）、反应时间（100 分钟）和搅拌速度（600 rpm）。还成功建立了酯交换反应的准一级动力学模型。还评估了甲醇分解反应的绿色化学指标（E 因子）和周转频率。铈酸钡表现出第六次循环可重复使用性，甲酯转化率为 81%。因此，所制备的催化剂被确定为一种可持续的酯交换反应非均相催化剂。 根据ASTM D 6751对合成的卡兰加油甲酯的理化性质进行测量，发现其在允许的范围内。它确保了生产的生物柴油与现有 CI 发动机的兼容性，无需任何进一步修改。