The fluid catalytic cracking (FCC) technology is one of the pillars of the modern petroleum industry which converts the crude oil fractions into many commodity fuels and platform chemicals, such as gasoline. Although the FCC field is quite mature, the research scope is still enormous due to changing FCC feedstock, gradual shifts in market demands and evolved unit operations. In this review, we have described the current status of FCC technology, such as variation in the present day feedstocks and catalysts, and particularly, great attention is paid to the effects of various contaminants of the FCC catalysts of which the latter part has not been sufficiently documented and analyzed in the literature yet. Deposition of various contaminants on cracking catalyst during FCC process, including metals, sulfur, nitrogen and coke originated from feedstocks or generated during FCC reaction constitutes a source of concern to the petroleum refiners from both economic and technological perspectives. It causes not only undesirable effects on the catalysts themselves, but also reduction in catalytic activity and changes in product distribution of the FCC reactions, translating into economic losses. The metal contaminants (vanadium (V), nickel (Ni), iron (Fe) and sodium (Na)) have the most adverse effects that can seriously influence the catalyst structure and performance. Although nitrogen and sulfur are considered less harmful compared to the metal contaminants, it is shown that pore blockage by the coking effect of sulfur and acid sites neutralization by nitrogen are serious problems too. Most recent studies on the deactivation of FCC catalysts at single particle level have provided an in-depth understanding of the deactivation mechanisms. This work will provide the readers with a comprehensive understanding of the current status, related problems and most recent progress made in the FCC technology, and also will deepen insights into the catalyst deactivation mechanisms caused by contaminants and the possible technical approaches to controlling catalyst deactivation problems.

流化催化裂化（FCC）技术是现代石油工业的支柱之一，该技术将原油馏分转化为许多商品燃料和平台化学品，例如汽油。尽管FCC领域已经相当成熟，但由于FCC原料的变化，市场需求的逐步转变以及单位运营的发展，其研究范围仍然很大。在这篇综述中，我们描述了FCC技术的现状，例如当今原料和催化剂的变化，特别是，人们对FCC催化剂的各种污染物的影响给予了高度关注，而后者的一部分尚未被关注。文献中对此进行了充分的记录和分析。在催化裂化过程中，裂化催化剂上沉积的各种污染物包括金属，硫，从原料或在FCC反应过程中产生的氮和焦炭，从经济和技术角度来看，都是炼油厂关注的问题。它不仅对催化剂本身造成不希望的影响，而且还导致催化活性的降低和FCC反应产物分布的变化，转化为经济损失。金属污染物（钒（V），镍（Ni），铁（Fe）和钠（Na））具有最不利的影响，会严重影响催化剂的结构和性能。尽管与金属污染物相比，认为氮和硫的危害性较小，但事实表明，由于硫的焦化作用而堵塞的孔以及被氮中和的酸性位点也是严重的问题。关于FCC催化剂在单颗粒水平下失活的最新研究提供了对失活机理的深入理解。这项工作将使读者全面了解FCC技术的现状，相关问题和最新进展，还将加深对由污染物引起的催化剂失活机理的了解以及控制催化剂失活问题的可能技术方法。 。