Rectal neuroendocrine tumors (RNET) are rare tumors but their prevalence is constantly increasing due to a prolonged survival and rising incidence related to a growing number of colonoscopies and improved knowledge. Their main prognostic determinant is tumor stage. While most RNET are localized, their management should be tailored depending on the presence or absence of the factors predictive of lymph-node metastases including tumor size, endoscopic aspect, T stage, grade and lymphovascular invasion. Endoscopic ultrasonography is the most relevant technique for locoregional assessment. Low-risk RNET can be treated using advanced endoscopic resection techniques or transanal endoscopic microsurgery, in expert centers because they require technicity and experience. Conversely, radical surgery with lymphadenectomy should be proposed in the presence of any pejorative factor. The long-term evolution of RNET remains to be specified, and prospective studies should be conducted in order to determine the relevance of the current management strategies.

中文翻译：

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直肠神经内分泌肿瘤的内镜，经肛门，腹腔镜和经腹处理。

直肠神经内分泌肿瘤（RNET）是一种罕见的肿瘤，但由于结肠镜检查数量的增加和知识水平的提高，生存期延长和发病率上升，其患病率仍在不断增加。他们的主要预后决定因素是肿瘤分期。尽管大多数RNET是局部的，但应根据是否存在预测淋巴结转移的因素（包括肿瘤大小，内窥镜检查，T分期，分级和淋巴管浸润）来调整其治疗。内镜超声检查是局部评估最相关的技术。低风险的RNET可以在专家中心使用先进的内窥镜切除技术或经肛门内窥镜显微外科手术进行治疗，因为它们需要技术和经验。反过来，在存在任何脓性因素的情况下，建议进行淋巴结清扫术的根治性手术。RNET的长期发展仍有待确定，应该进行前瞻性研究，以确定当前管理策略的相关性。