In the recent decade, cutting edge molecular and proteomic analysis platforms revolutionized biomarkers discovery in cancers. Melanoma is the prototype with over 51,100 biomarkers discovered and investigated thus far. These biomarkers include tissue based tumor cell and tumor microenvironment biomarkers and circulating biomarkers including tumor DNA (cf-DNA), mir-RNA, proteins and metabolites. These biomarkers provide invaluable information for diagnosis, prognosis and play an important role in prediction of treatment response. In this review, we summarize the most recent discoveries in each of these biomarker categories. We will discuss the challenges in their implementation and standardization and conclude with some perspectives in melanoma biomarker research.

近十年来，尖端的分子和蛋白质组分析平台彻底改变了癌症生物标志物的发现。黑色素瘤是迄今为止发现和研究的超过 51,100 个生物标志物的原型。这些生物标志物包括基于组织的肿瘤细胞和肿瘤微环境生物标志物以及循环生物标志物，包括肿瘤DNA (cf-DNA)、mir-RNA、蛋白质和代谢物。这些生物标志物为诊断、预后提供了宝贵的信息，并在预测治疗反应中发挥着重要作用。在这篇综述中，我们总结了每个生物标志物类别的最新发现。我们将讨论其实施和标准化方面的挑战，并总结黑色素瘤生物标志物研究的一些观点。