Patient-derived tumour xenografts and tumour organoids have become important preclinical model systems for cancer research. Both models maintain key features from their parental tumours, such as genetic and phenotypic heterogeneity, which allows them to be used for a wide spectrum of applications. In contrast to patient-derived xenografts, organoids can be established and expanded with high efficiency from primary patient material. On the other hand, xenografts retain tumour-stroma interactions, which are known to contribute to tumorigenesis. In this review, we discuss recent advances in patient-derived tumour xenograft and tumour organoid model systems and compare their promises and challenges as preclinical models in cancer research.

中文翻译：

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癌症研究中的异种移植和类器官模型系统。

患者来源的肿瘤异种移植物和肿瘤类器官已成为癌症研究的重要临床前模型系统。两种模型都保留了来自其亲本肿瘤的关键特征，例如遗传和表型异质性，这使其可以用于广泛的应用领域。与患者来源的异种移植物相比，可以从原发性患者材料中高效建立和扩展类器官。另一方面，异种移植物保留了肿瘤-基质相互作用，已知这有助于肿瘤发生。在这篇综述中，我们讨论了患者源性肿瘤异种移植物和肿瘤类器官模型系统的最新进展，并比较了它们作为癌症研究中的临床前模型的前景和挑战。