Abstract The conditions that propel humans to make sacrifices for groups of unrelated, and often unknown, individuals has received considerable attention across scientific disciplines. Evolutionary explanations for this type of sacrifice have focused on how men form strategic coalitions organized around kin networks and reciprocity when faced with out-group threats. Few studies, however, have analyzed how women respond to external threats. Using data from one of the largest female paramilitary organizations in history we show that women who have more brothers, women whose husbands serve in the military and women without children are more likely to volunteer. These results provide qualified support for the hypothesis that women are more likely to sacrifice for their country when members of their family are at risk. Overall, our analysis suggests that self-sacrifice and intense bonding with an imagined community of unknown individuals, such as the nation state, may arise out of a suite of psychological adaptations designed to facilitate cooperation among kin (i.e. kin psychology). These results can be interpreted within the framework of kin selection showing how individuals come to view unrelated group members as family. They may also shed light on various theories of group alignment, such as ‘identity fusion’ – whereby individuals align their personal identity and interests with those of the group – and on our understanding of evolutionary adaptations that cause women to direct altruism toward in-groups.

中文翻译：

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战争中的自我牺牲和亲属心理：对家庭的威胁预示着为妇女准军事组织志愿服务的决定

摘要 促使人类为不相关且通常未知的群体做出牺牲的条件已受到科学学科的广泛关注。对这种牺牲的进化解释主要集中在面对外群体威胁时，男性如何形成围绕亲属网络和互惠组织的战略联盟。然而，很少有研究分析女性如何应对外部威胁。我们使用历史上最大的女性准军事组织之一的数据表明，拥有更多兄弟的女性、丈夫在军队服役的女性和没有孩子的女性更有可能参加志愿服务。这些结果为以下假设提供了合格的支持：当家庭成员处于危险之中时，女性更有可能为国家做出牺牲。全面的，我们的分析表明，自我牺牲和与想象中的未知个体社区（例如民族国家）的紧密联系可能源于一系列旨在促进亲属之间合作的心理适应（即亲属心理学）。这些结果可以在亲属选择的框架内进行解释，表明个人如何将无关的群体成员视为家庭。它们还可能阐明群体对齐的各种理论，例如“身份融合”——个体将他们的个人身份和兴趣与群体的身份和兴趣保持一致——以及我们对导致女性将利他主义导向群体内的进化适应的理解. 可能源于一系列旨在促进亲属之间合作的心理适应（即亲属心理学）。这些结果可以在亲属选择的框架内进行解释，表明个人如何将无关的群体成员视为家庭。它们还可能阐明群体对齐的各种理论，例如“身份融合”——个体将他们的个人身份和兴趣与群体的身份和兴趣保持一致——以及我们对导致女性将利他主义导向群体内的进化适应的理解. 可能源于一系列旨在促进亲属之间合作的心理适应（即亲属心理学）。这些结果可以在亲属选择的框架内进行解释，表明个人如何将无关的群体成员视为家庭。它们还可能阐明群体对齐的各种理论，例如“身份融合”——个体将他们的个人身份和兴趣与群体的身份和兴趣保持一致——以及我们对导致女性将利他主义导向群体内的进化适应的理解.