Exosomes are small, single-membrane, secreted organelles of ∼30 to ∼200 nm in diameter that have the same topology as the cell and are enriched in selected proteins, lipids, nucleic acids, and glycoconjugates. Exosomes contain an array of membrane-associated, high-order oligomeric protein complexes, display pronounced molecular heterogeneity, and are created by budding at both plasma and endosome membranes. Exosome biogenesis is a mechanism of protein quality control, and once released, exosomes have activities as diverse as remodeling the extracellular matrix and transmitting signals and molecules to other cells. This pathway of intercellular vesicle traffic plays important roles in many aspects of human health and disease, including development, immunity, tissue homeostasis, cancer, and neurodegenerative diseases. In addition, viruses co-opt exosome biogenesis pathways both for assembling infectious particles and for establishing host permissiveness. On the basis of these and other properties, exosomes are being developed as therapeutic agents in multiple disease models.

中文翻译：

---

外来体。

外泌体是直径约30至200 nm的小，单膜，分泌的细胞器，具有与细胞相同的拓扑结构，并富含选定的蛋白质，脂质，核酸和糖结合物。外泌体包含一系列膜相关的高阶寡聚蛋白复合物，表现出明显的分子异质性，并且是通过在质膜和内体膜上出芽而产生的。外泌体的生物发生是蛋白质质量控​​制的一种机制，一旦释放，外泌体的活动就多种多样，例如重塑细胞外基质并将信号和分子传输到其他细胞。细胞间小泡运输的这种途径在人类健康和疾病的许多方面都起着重要作用，包括发育，免疫，组织稳态，癌症和神经退行性疾病。此外，病毒共同选择外来体生物发生途径，既用于组装感染性颗粒，又用于建立宿主的容许性。基于这些和其他特性，外来体正在被开发为多种疾病模型中的治疗剂。