The Hippo pathway was initially discovered in Drosophila melanogaster as a key regulator of tissue growth. It is an evolutionarily conserved signaling cascade regulating numerous biological processes, including cell growth and fate decision, organ size control, and regeneration. The core of the Hippo pathway in mammals consists of a kinase cascade, MST1/2 and LATS1/2, as well as downstream effectors, transcriptional coactivators YAP and TAZ. These core components of the Hippo pathway control transcriptional programs involved in cell proliferation, survival, mobility, stemness, and differentiation. The Hippo pathway is tightly regulated by both intrinsic and extrinsic signals, such as mechanical force, cell-cell contact, polarity, energy status, stress, and many diffusible hormonal factors, the majority of which act through G protein-coupled receptors. Here, we review the current understanding of molecular mechanisms by which signals regulate the Hippo pathway with an emphasis on mechanotransduction and the effects of this pathway on basic biology and human diseases.

中文翻译：

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河马途径：生物学和病理生理学。

河马途径最初是在果蝇中发现的，它是组织生长的关键调节剂。它是进化保守的信号传导级联，调节许多生物学过程，包括细胞生长和命运决定，器官大小控制和再生。哺乳动物中河马途径的核心由激酶级联，MST1 / 2和LATS1 / 2以及下游效应子，转录共激活因子YAP和TAZ组成。河马途径的这些核心成分控制参与细胞增殖，存活，迁移，干和分化的转录程序。Hippo途径受到内在和外在信号的严格调节，例如机械力，细胞间接触，极性，能量状态，压力以及许多可扩散的激素因素，其中大多数通过G蛋白偶联受体发挥作用。在这里，我们回顾了目前对分子机制的理解，信号通过这些分子调控了Hippo途径，重点是机械转导以及该途径对基础生物学和人类疾病的影响。