A major goal of evolutionary science is to understand how biological diversity is generated and altered. Despite considerable advances, we still have limited insight into how phenotypic variation arises and is sorted by natural selection. Here we argue that an integrated view, which merges ecology, evolution and developmental biology (eco evo devo) on an equal footing, is needed to understand the multifaceted role of the environment in simultaneously determining the development of the phenotype and the nature of the selective environment, and how organisms in turn affect the environment through eco evo and eco devo feedbacks. To illustrate the usefulness of an integrated eco evo devo perspective, we connect it with the theory of resource polymorphism (i.e. the phenotypic and genetic diversification that occurs in response to variation in available resources). In so doing, we highlight fishes from recently glaciated freshwater systems as exceptionally well‐suited model systems for testing predictions of an eco evo devo framework in studies of diversification. Studies on these fishes show that intraspecific diversity can evolve rapidly, and that this process is jointly facilitated by (i) the availability of diverse environments promoting divergent natural selection; (ii) dynamic developmental processes sensitive to environmental and genetic signals; and (iii) eco evo and eco devo feedbacks influencing the selective and developmental environments of the phenotype. We highlight empirical examples and present a conceptual model for the generation of resource polymorphism – emphasizing eco evo devo, and identify current gaps in knowledge.

中文翻译：

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生态进化的前进之路：以冰河后鱼类为模型系统的资源多态性扩展理论


进化科学的一个主要目标是了解生物多样性是如何产生和改变的。尽管取得了相当大的进步，但我们对表型变异如何产生以及如何通过自然选择进行排序的了解仍然有限。在这里，我们认为，需要一种将生态学、进化论和发育生物学（eco evo devo）平等地融合在一起的综合观点，以理解环境在同时决定表型发展和选择性本质方面的多方面作用。环境，以及生物体如何通过 Eco Evo 和 Eco Devo 反馈反过来影响环境。为了说明综合生态进化观点的有用性，我们将其与资源多态性理论（即响应可用资源变化而发生的表型和遗传多样化）联系起来。在此过程中，我们强调来自最近冰川淡水系统的鱼类作为非常适合的模型系统，用于测试多样化研究中生态进化发展框架的预测。对这些鱼类的研究表明，种内多样性可以迅速进化，并且这一过程是由以下因素共同促进的：（i）促进不同自然选择的多样化环境的可用性； (ii) 对环境和遗传信号敏感的动态发育过程； (iii) Eco Evo 和 Eco Devo 反馈影响表型的选择和发育环境。我们重点介绍经验例子，并提出一个资源多态性生成的概念模型——强调生态进化发展，并确定当前的知识差距。