Metasurfaces are ultrathin metamaterials consisting of planar electromagnetic (EM) microstructures (e.g., meta-atoms) with pre-determined EM responses arranged in specific sequences. Based on careful structural designs on both meta-atoms and global sequences, one can realize homogenous and inhomogeneous metasurfaces that can possess exceptional capabilities to manipulate EM waves, serving as ideal candidates to realize ultracompact and highly efficient EM devices for next-generation integration-optics applications. In this paper, we present an overview on the development of metasurfaces, including both homogeneous and inhomogeneous ones, focusing particularly on their working principles, the fascinating wave-manipulation effects achieved both statically and dynamically, and the representative applications so far realized. Finally, we also present our own perspectives on possible future directions of this fast-developing research field in the conclusion.

中文翻译：

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电磁超表面：物理学和应用

超表面是由平面电磁 (EM) 微结构（例如，超原子）组成的超薄超材料，具有以特定顺序排列的预定 EM 响应。基于对超原子和全局序列的精心结构设计，可以实现具有特殊能力来操纵电磁波的同质和非同质超表面，是实现用于下一代集成光学的超紧凑和高效电磁器件的理想选择应用程序。在本文中，我们概述了超表面的发展，包括均质和非均质超表面，特别关注它们的工作原理、静态和动态实现的迷人波浪操纵效果，以及迄今为止实现的代表性应用。最后，