Analysis of nanoscale biological particles and organelles (BPOs) at the single-particle level is fundamental to the in-depth study of biosciences. Flow cytometry is a versatile technique that has been well-established for the analysis of eukaryotic cells, yet conventional flow cytometry can hardly meet the sensitivity requirement for nanoscale BPOs. Recent advances in high-sensitivity flow cytometry have made it possible to conduct precise, sensitive, and specific analyses of nanoscale BPOs, with exceptional benefits for bacteria, mitochondria, viruses, and extracellular vesicles (EVs). In this article, we discuss the significance, challenges, and efforts toward sensitivity enhancement, followed by the introduction of flow cytometric analysis of nanoscale BPOs. With the development of the nano-flow cytometer that can detect single viruses and EVs as small as 27 nm and 40 nm, respectively, more exciting applications in nanoscale BPO analysis can be envisioned.

中文翻译：

---

纳米级生物颗粒和细胞器的流式细胞仪分析。

在单粒子水平上分析纳米级生物粒子和细胞器（BPO）是深入研究生物科学的基础。流式细胞术是一种已经广泛用于真核细胞分析的通用技术，但是常规的流式细胞术几乎不能满足纳米级BPO的灵敏度要求。高灵敏度流式细胞术的最新进展使得对纳米级BPO进行精确，灵敏和特异的分析成为可能，并且对细菌，线粒体，病毒和细胞外囊泡（EV）具有特殊的好处。在本文中，我们讨论了提高灵敏度的意义，挑战和努力，随后介绍了纳米级BPO的流式细胞仪分析。