Saccharides have recently attracted considerable attention because of their biological functions and potential applications in the pharmaceutical, cosmetic and food industries. Over the decades, a large amount of enzymes involved in saccharide synthesis have been discovered and characterised with the aid of available genome sequences. The advancement of metabolic engineering and synthetic biology strategies facilitated the artificial pathway design and construction for production of multiple sugars in vitro and in vivo based on those characterized enzymes. This review presented a panoramic view of enzymes related to saccharide synthesis and gave the detailed information. Furthermore, we provide an extensive overview of the recent advances in the construction of cell-free reaction systems and engineering of microbial cells for the production of natural or unnatural saccharides. In addition, the future trends in the synthesis of sugars with high structural diversity through the combination of multiple pathways are presented and evaluated.

糖由于其生物学功能以及在制药，化妆品和食品工业中的潜在应用，最近引起了相当大的关注。几十年来，已经发现了糖类合成中涉及的大量酶，并借助可用的基因组序列对其进行了表征。代谢工程和合成生物学策略的进步促进了体外和体内生产多种糖的人工途径的设计和构建。基于那些表征的酶。这项审查提出了与糖合成有关的酶的全景，并提供了详细的信息。此外，我们提供了无细胞反应系统的构建和微生物细胞工程生产天然或非天然糖类的最新进展的广泛概述。另外，通过多种途径的结合，提出了合成具有高结构多样性的糖的未来趋势。