Abstract Piezoelectric, piezoresistive, and optical fiber sensors have attracted considerable attention in structural health monitoring (SHM) applications for strain/temperature measurements in advanced material structures such as composites. Issues pertaining to the fabrication process and integration of these sensors, however, continue to limit their efficiency in detecting SHM parameters in sensitive applications such as aerospace and medical devices, where accuracy and reliability are prime concerns. This paper provides a critical review of recent developments on sensing materials and their integration methods into composites. For piezoelectric sensors, ferroelectric and piezoelectric characteristics of different material compositions are described and the evolution of ferroelectric properties over a range of temperatures and mechanical loadings is addressed. Fabrication processes and characterization of silicon- and carbon-based piezoresistive materials are presented to assess the electromechanical performance of such sensors. Furthermore, the methods developed for concurrent measurement of strain and temperature using optical fiber sensors are reviewed. The implantation of different sensing mechanisms for detecting physical parameters during and after composite manufacturing processes is described. Since composite delamination due to the embedded sensors is a reoccurring issue, mechanical compatibility of different reported sensors with the base material interface is highlighted. Finally, potential future directions of the reviewed sensing mechanisms are outlined.

中文翻译：

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先进复合材料中的集成传感器：批判性审查

摘要 压电、压阻和光纤传感器在结构健康监测 (SHM) 应用中引起了相当大的关注，用于在复合材料等先进材料结构中进行应变/温度测量。然而，与这些传感器的制造过程和集成有关的问题继续限制它们在敏感应用（如航空航天和医疗设备）中检测 SHM 参数的效率，在这些应用中，准确性和可靠性是首要问题。本文对传感材料的最新发展及其与复合材料的集成方法进行了批判性回顾。对于压电传感器，描述了不同材料成分的铁电和压电特性，并讨论了铁电特性在一定温度和机械载荷范围内的演变。介绍了硅基和碳基压阻材料的制造工艺和表征，以评估此类传感器的机电性能。此外，还回顾了为使用光纤传感器同时测量应变和温度而开发的方法。描述了在复合材料制造过程中和之后检测物理参数的不同传感机制的植入。由于嵌入传感器导致的复合分层是一个反复出现的问题，因此强调了不同报告传感器与基材界面的机械兼容性。最后，