Stimuli-responsive materials undergo triggered changes when presented with specific environmental cues. These dynamic systems can leverage biological signals found locally within the body as well as exogenous cues administered with spatiotemporal control, providing powerful opportunities in next-generation diagnostics and personalized medicine. Here, we review the synthetic and strategic advances used to impart diverse responsiveness to a wide variety of biomaterials. Categorizing systems on the basis of material type, number of inputs, and response mechanism, we examine past and ongoing efforts toward endowing biomaterials with customizable sensitivity. We draw an analogy to computer science, whereby a stimuli-responsive biomaterial transduces a set of inputs into a functional output as governed by a user-specified logical operator. We discuss Boolean and non-Boolean operations, as well as the various chemical and physical modes of signal transduction. Finally, we examine current limitations and promising directions in the ongoing development of programmable stimuli-responsive biomaterials.

中文翻译：

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将刺激响应行为编程到生物材料中。

当具有特定的环境提示时，对刺激敏感的材料会发生触发的变化。这些动态系统可以利用体内局部发现的生物信号以及通过时空控制进行管理的外来线索，为下一代诊断和个性化医学提供了强大的机会。在这里，我们回顾了用于赋予多种生物材料多种响应能力的合成和战略进展。根据材料类型，投入数量和响应机制对系统进行分类，我们研究了过去和正在进行的以可定制的敏感性赋予生物材料的努力。我们用计算机科学来类比，一种刺激响应性生物材料将一组输入转换为功能输出，该输出由用户指定的逻辑运算符控制。我们讨论布尔和非布尔运算，以及信号转导的各种化学和物理模式。最后，我们研究了可编程刺激响应生物材料的持续开发中的当前局限性和有希望的方向。