Music interventions are used for stress reduction in a variety of settings because of the positive effects of music listening on both physiological arousal (e.g., heart rate, blood pressure, and hormonal levels) and psychological stress experiences (e.g., restlessness, anxiety, and nervousness). To summarize the growing body of empirical research, two multilevel meta-analyses of 104 RCTs, containing 327 effect sizes and 9,617 participants, were performed to assess the strength of the effects of music interventions on both physiological and psychological stress-related outcomes, and to test the potential moderators of the intervention effects. Results showed that music interventions had an overall significant effect on stress reduction in both physiological (d = .380) and psychological (d = .545) outcomes. Further, moderator analyses showed that the type of outcome assessment moderated the effects of music interventions on stress-related outcomes. Larger effects were found on heart rate (d = .456), compared to blood pressure (d = .343) and hormone levels (d = .349). Implications for stress-reducing music interventions are discussed.

中文翻译：

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音乐干预对压力相关结果的影响：系统评价和两项荟萃分析。

由于听音乐对生理唤醒（例如心率、血压和荷尔蒙水平）和心理压力体验（例如烦躁、焦虑和紧张）都有积极影响，因此音乐干预被用于在各种环境中减轻压力）。为了总结越来越多的实证研究，对 104 项随机对照试验（包含 327 个效应量和 9,617 名参与者）进行了两项多层次荟萃分析，以评估音乐干预对生理和心理压力相关结果的影响强度，并测试干预效果的潜在调节因素。结果表明，音乐干预对减轻生理（d = .380）和心理（d = .545）结果的压力有显着影响。更远，调节器分析表明，结果评估的类型调节了音乐干预对压力相关结果的影响。与血压 (d = .343) 和激素水平 (d = .349) 相比，对心率 (d = .456) 的影响更大。讨论了减压音乐干预的意义。