Heavy metal pollution is one of the most pervasive environmental problems globally. Novel finely tuned algae have been proposed as a means to improve the efficacy and selectivity of heavy metal biosorption. This article reviews current research on selective algal heavy metal adsorption and critically discusses the performance of novel biosorbents. We emphasize emerging state-of-the-art techniques that customize algae for enhanced performance and selectivity, particularly molecular and chemical extraction techniques as well as nanoparticle (NP) synthesis approaches. The mechanisms and processes for developing novel algal biosorbents are also presented. Finally, we discuss the applications, challenges, and future prospects for modified algae in heavy metal biosorption.

重金属污染是全球最普遍的环境问题之一。新型微调藻类已被提议作为提高重金属生物吸附的功效和选择性的手段。本文回顾了当前选择性藻类重金属吸附的研究，并批判性地讨论了新型生物吸附剂的性能。我们强调新兴的最先进技术，定制藻类以提高性能和选择性，特别是分子和化学提取技术以及纳米颗粒（NP）合成方法。还介绍了开发新型藻类生物吸附剂的机制和过程。最后，我们讨论了改性藻类在重金属生物吸附方面的应用、挑战和未来前景。