Fungi historically placed in the iconic genera of Boletus, Leccinum and Xerocomus have been the subject of major taxonomic revisions in recent years. Yet, despite all advancements in systematics, boletoid fungi in insular ecosystems remain little explored and our knowledge of their diversity, distribution and abundance in Mediterranean ecoregions is far from complete. To shed light on this blind spot, the findings of a ten-year study from the island of Cyprus were analysed, integrating phylogenetic, ecological, morphological, phenological and chorological data. An unexpected diversity of Boletaceae fungi is unveiled, with twenty-five species phylogenetically confirmed to be present on the island, thirteen of them previously unreported. Sequencing of the ITS rDNA region, reveals crypticism within the Butyriboletus fechtneri, Caloboletus radicans, Rubroboletus lupinus and Rheubarbariboletus armeniacus species-complexes and infrageneric relationships are discussed. A strong link between boletoid fungi and Mediterranean oaks of the ilicoid group (Quercus alnifolia, Quercus coccifera subsp. calliprinos) is illustrated, with nineteen species (76%) overall found to be strictly or broadly associated with evergreen oaks. In stark contrast, the semi-deciduous Quercus infectoria subsp. veneris appears to be an unfavorable host for boletoid fungi, with just a single associated species so far. Phenological and chorological records indicate that most species on the island are rare, highly localized and fruit during very brief spells several years apart, mainly in response to increased annual, late summer or early autumn precipitation. The conservation status of these high-profile fungi is hence discussed, particularly in view of alarming climate changes, forecasted to have a dramatic impact on Mediterranean ecosystems in the years to come.

历史上曾将真菌放在牛肝菌，Leccinum和Xerocomus的标志性属中近年来，已成为主要分类学修订的主题。然而，尽管系统学方面取得了所有进步，但岛上生态系统中的牛肝菌仍很少被探索，我们对它们在地中海生态区中的多样性，分布和丰富度的了解还远远不够。为了阐明这一盲点，我们分析了塞浦路斯岛一项为期十年的研究结果，并结合了系统发育，生态，形态，物候和物种学方面的数据。揭示了一种出乎意料的牛肝菌真菌多样性，该岛上有25种在系统发育上已被证实存在，其中13种以前没有报道。ITS rDNA区域的测序揭示了丁酸丁酸杆菌，萝卜丁糖，羽扇豆讨论了亚美尼亚假单胞菌和亚美尼亚大白菜的菌种-复合物和亚种间的关系。阐明了牛肝菌类真菌和地中海类栎树之间的紧密联系（栎类栎，栎类栎亚种Calliprinos），总共发现十九种（76％）与常绿栎树有严格或广泛的联系。与之形成鲜明对比的是，半落叶栎感染亚种。韦内里斯似乎是牛肝菌真菌的不利宿主，到目前为止只有一个相关物种。物候和年代学记录表明，岛上大多数物种稀有，高度本地化，并且在相隔数年的短暂时间里结出果实，主要是由于年降水量增加，夏末或初秋的降水增加。因此，特别是考虑到令人震惊的气候变化，讨论了这些引人注目的真菌的保护状况，预计这些变化将在未来几年内对地中海生态系统产生巨大影响。