Abstract Dynamic relaxation is an intrinsic and universal feature of glasses and enables fluctuation and dissipation to occur, which induces plentiful behaviour, maintains equilibrium, and achieves evolution in glass systems. Relaxation covers a broad time, frequency, and temperature ranges and determines the functions, behaviour, properties and applications of glassy system. Investigations of dynamic relaxation are significant for understanding the nature of glasses, liquids, and the critical issues of glass formation and transition, dynamic and structural heterogeneities, flow behaviour and flow units, various crossover temperatures, deformations, aging and rejuvenation, stability, crystallization, and the mechanical and physical properties of glasses. Metallic glasses (MGs) with unique microstructure and mechanical and functional properties, offer a simple but effective system for study of relaxation and related issues in glass science. In this review, a panoramic view of the state of the art of various aspects of dynamic relaxation in metallic glassy system, as well as a comparison with other glassy systems, is presented. The features and mechanisms of each known relaxation mode including primary α-relaxation, slow and fast 7 β -relaxations, nearly constant loss, and boson peak, as well as their coupling in MGs, are reviewed and summarized. Emphasis is presented to the microstructural origin of these dynamic relaxation modes and their connection with the dynamic and structural heterogeneities in MGs. The factors which determine and affect the relaxation modes and behaviour in low-dimensional MGs are also introduced. It is shown that the relaxation in MGs is connected with their structural characteristics, heterogeneity, formation, glass transition, flow behaviour, physical and mechanical properties, crystallization, stability, and the localized atomic diffusion. The roles and the importance of dynamic relaxation in understanding many crucial issues in glassy physics are demonstrated. The correlations between dynamic relaxation and various properties of MGs are established and summarized. With this review on dynamic relaxation in metallic glasses, relaxation in MG can provide an effective perspective for understanding nearly all issues in metallic glasses. It is demonstrated that the relationship of relaxation to various properties, similar to the relationship of structure–property of crystalline materials, can be applied to control and design of new glassy materials with multiple functionalities, superior mechanical performance, and other extraordinary physical and chemical properties. Finally, the key unsolved questions regarding dynamic relaxation in metallic glasses are listed, and several emerging research directions in this still-evolving field are highlighted for future investigations.

中文翻译：

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金属玻璃中的动态弛豫和弛豫-性质关系

摘要 动态弛豫是玻璃的内在和普遍特征，它使波动和耗散发生，从而诱导丰富的行为，保持平衡，并实现玻璃系统的进化。弛豫涵盖了广泛的时间、频率和温度范围，并决定了玻璃系统的功能、行为、特性和应用。动态弛豫的研究对于理解玻璃、液体的性质以及玻璃形成和转变的关键问题、动态和结构异质性、流动行为和流动单元、各种交叉温度、变形、老化和再生、稳定性、结晶、以及玻璃的机械和物理特性。具有独特微观结构和机械和功能特性的金属玻璃 (MGs)，提供一个简单但有效的系统来研究玻璃科学中的松弛和相关问题。在这篇综述中，展示了金属玻璃系统中动态弛豫各个方面的最新技术水平，以及与其他玻璃系统的比较。回顾和总结了每种已知弛豫模式的特征和机制，包括初级 α-弛豫、慢速和快速 7 β-弛豫、几乎恒定的损失和玻色子峰，以及它们在 MG 中的耦合。重点介绍了这些动态松弛模式的微观结构起源及其与 MG 中动态和结构异质性的联系。还介绍了决定和影响低维 MG 中弛豫模式和行为的因素。结果表明，MGs 的弛豫与其结构特征、异质性、形成、玻璃化转变、流动行为、物理和机械性能、结晶、稳定性和局部原子扩散有关。展示了动态松弛在理解玻璃物理学中的许多关键问题中的作用和重要性。建立并总结了动态弛豫与MGs各种性质之间的相关性。通过对金属玻璃中动态弛豫的综述，MG 中的弛豫可以为理解金属玻璃中的几乎所有问题提供有效的视角。证明了弛豫与各种性质的关系，类似于晶体材料的结构-性质的关系，可用于控制和设计具有多种功能、优越的机械性能和其他非凡物理和化学性能的新型玻璃材料。最后，列出了有关金属玻璃动态弛豫的关键未解决问题，并强调了这个仍在发展的领域中的几个新兴研究方向，以供未来研究。