In the vertebrate brain, neural stem cells (NSCs) generate both neuronal and glial cells throughout life. However, their neuro- and gliogenic capacity changes as a function of the developmental context. Despite the growing body of evidence on the variety of intrinsic and extrinsic factors regulating NSC physiology, their precise cellular and molecular actions are not fully determined. Our review focuses on thyroid hormone (TH), a vital component for both development and adult brain function that regulates NSC biology at all stages. First, we review comparative data to analyse how TH modulates neuro- and gliogenesis during vertebrate brain development. Second, as the mammalian brain is the most studied, we highlight the molecular mechanisms underlying TH action in this context. Lastly, we explore how the interplay between TH signalling and cell metabolism governs both neurodevelopmental and adult neurogenesis. We conclude that, together, TH and cellular metabolism regulate optimal brain formation, maturation and function from early foetal life to adult in vertebrate species.

中文翻译：

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神经干细胞命运的甲状腺激素调节：从发育到衰老。

在脊椎动物的大脑中，神经干细胞 (NSC) 在整个生命过程中都会产生神经元和神经胶质细胞。然而，它们的神经和胶质生成能力会随着发育环境的变化而变化。尽管关于调节 NSC 生理学的各种内在和外在因素的证据越来越多，但它们的精确细胞和分子作用尚未完全确定。我们的审查侧重于甲状腺激素 (TH)，它是发育和成人大脑功能的重要组成部分，可在各个阶段调节 NSC 生物学。首先，我们回顾比较数据以分析 TH 如何在脊椎动物大脑发育过程中调节神经和胶质发生。其次，由于哺乳动物大脑是研究最多的，我们强调了在这种情况下 TH 作用的分子机制。最后，我们探讨了 TH 信号和细胞代谢之间的相互作用如何控制神经发育和成人神经发生。我们得出的结论是，TH 和细胞代谢共同调节脊椎动物物种从胎儿早期到成年的最佳大脑形成、成熟和功能。