Marine and freshwater ecosystems are warming, acidifying, and deoxygenating as a consequence of climate change. In parallel, the impacts of harmful algal blooms (HABs) on these ecosystems are intensifying. Many eutrophic habitats that host recurring HABs already experience thermal extremes, low dissolved oxygen, and low pH, making these locations potential sentinel sites for conditions that will become more common in larger-scale systems as climate change accelerates. While studies of the effects of HABs or individual climate change stressors on aquatic organisms have been relatively common, studies assessing their combined impacts have been rare. Those doing so have reported strong species- and strain-specific interactions between HAB species and climate change co-stressors yielding outcomes for aquatic organisms that could not have been predicted based on investigations of these factors individually. This review provides an ecological and physiological framework for considering HABs as a climate change co-stressor and considers the consequences of their combined occurrence for coastal ecosystems. This review also highlights critical gaps in our understanding of HABs as a climate change co-stressor that must be addressed in order to develop management plans that adequately protect fisheries, aquaculture, aquatic ecosystems, and human health. Ultimately, incorporating HAB species into experiments and monitoring programs where the effects of multiple climate change stressors are considered will provide a more ecologically relevant perspective of the structure and function of marine ecosystems in future, climate-altered systems.

由于气候变化，海洋和淡水生态系统正在变暖，酸化和脱氧。同时，有害藻华（HAB）对这些生态系统的影响正在加剧。承载重复性HAB的许多富营养化生境已经经历了极端温度，低溶解氧和低pH值，这些条件可能成为定点场所，这些条件将随着气候变化的加速而在大规模系统中变得更加普遍。虽然对HAB或单个气候变化压力源对水生生物的影响的研究相对普遍，但评估它们的综合影响的研究却很少。这样做的人报告说，HAB物种与气候变化共应激因子之间具有强烈的物种和菌株特异性相互作用，从而为水生生物带来了结果，而根据这些因素的单独调查无法预测这些结果。这项审查提供了一个生态和生理框架，可将HAB视为气候变化的共同压力，并考虑它们的共同发生对沿海生态系统的影响。此次审查还强调了我们在理解HAB作为气候变化共同压力方面的重大差距，必须制定这些差距，以制定能够充分保护渔业，水产养殖，水生生态系统和人类健康的管理计划。最终，