Non‐native tree (NNT) species have been transported worldwide to create or enhance services that are fundamental for human well‐being, such as timber provision, erosion control or ornamental value; yet NNTs can also produce undesired effects, such as fire proneness or pollen allergenicity. Despite the variety of effects that NNTs have on multiple ecosystem services, a global quantitative assessment of their costs and benefits is still lacking. Such information is critical for decision‐making, management and sustainable exploitation of NNTs. We present here a global assessment of NNT effects on the three main categories of ecosystem services, including regulating (RES), provisioning (PES) and cultural services (CES), and on an ecosystem disservice (EDS), i.e. pollen allergenicity. By searching the scientific literature, country forestry reports, and social media, we compiled a global data set of 1683 case studies from over 125 NNT species, covering 44 countries, all continents but Antarctica, and seven biomes. Using different meta‐analysis techniques, we found that, while NNTs increase most RES (e.g. climate regulation, soil erosion control, fertility and formation), they decrease PES (e.g. NNTs contribute less than native trees to global timber provision). Also, they have different effects on CES (e.g. increase aesthetic values but decrease scientific interest), and no effect on the EDS considered. NNT effects on each ecosystem (dis)service showed a strong context dependency, varying across NNT types, biomes and socio‐economic conditions. For instance, some RES are increased more by NNTs able to fix atmospheric nitrogen, and when the ecosystem is located in low‐latitude biomes; some CES are increased more by NNTs in less‐wealthy countries or in countries with higher gross domestic products. The effects of NNTs on several ecosystem (dis)services exhibited some synergies (e.g. among soil fertility, soil formation and climate regulation or between aesthetic values and pollen allergenicity), but also trade‐offs (e.g. between fire regulation and soil erosion control). Our analyses provide a quantitative understanding of the complex synergies, trade‐offs and context dependencies involved for the effects of NNTs that is essential for attaining a sustained provision of ecosystem services.

中文翻译：

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非本地树种对多种生态系统服务的全球影响

非本地树种（NNT）已被运往世界各地，以创造或增强对人类福祉至关重要的服务，例如木材供应、侵蚀控制或观赏价值；然而，NNT 也会产生不良影响，例如易着火或花粉过敏。尽管 NNT 对多种生态系统服务具有多种影响，但仍缺乏对其成本和效益的全球定量评估。此类信息对于 NNT 的决策、管理和可持续利用至关重要。我们在此提出了 NNT 对生态系统服务三大类影响的全球评估，包括调节 (RES)、供应 (PES) 和文化服务 (CES)，以及对生态系统损害 (EDS)（即花粉过敏性）的影响。通过搜索科学文献、国家林业报告和社交媒体，我们编制了包含来自超过 125 个 NNT 物种的 1683 个案例研究的全球数据集，涵盖 44 个国家、除南极洲外的所有大陆和七个生物群落。使用不同的荟萃分析技术，我们发现，虽然NNT增加了大部分RES（例如气候调节、土壤侵蚀控制、肥力和形成），但它们降低了PES（例如NNT对全球木材供应的贡献小于本地树木）。此外，它们对 CES 有不同的影响（例如增加审美价值但降低科学兴趣），并且对所考虑的 EDS 没有影响。NNT 对每个生态系统（dis）服务的影响表现出强烈的环境依赖性，随 NNT 类型、生物群落和社会经济条件的不同而变化。例如，当生态系统位于低纬度生物群落时，一些RES会因能够固定大气氮的NNT而增加更多；在不太富裕的国家或国内生产总值较高的国家，一些 CES 通过 NNT 增加得更多。NNT 对多种生态系统（dis）服务的影响表现出一些协同作用（例如土壤肥力、土壤形成和气候调节之间或美学价值和花粉过敏性之间），但也存在权衡（例如火灾调节和土壤侵蚀控制之间）。我们的分析提供了对 NNT 影响所涉及的复杂协同作用、权衡和环境依赖性的定量理解，这对于实现生态系统服务的持续提供至关重要。