Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is a heterogeneous tumor usually arising in an inflammatory environment. Indeed, in the vast majority of cases, HCC is diagnosed in patients with chronic liver disease, in whom it represents one of the leading causes of death despite surveillance programs for early diagnosis.¹ Liver cirrhosis is the paradigm of inflammatory diseases, as it frequently develops in association with chronic viral or alcohol-related hepatitis, or in patients with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD); the hepatocellular damage produced by various etiologic agents eventually results in tissue repair up to the development of fibrosis. Persistent hepatocellular proliferation in this inflammatory microenvironment promotes genetic mutations that trigger hepatocarcinogenesis.²

中文翻译：

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肠道菌群在早期肝细胞癌患者中的诊断和治疗潜力

肝细胞癌（HCC）是一种异质性肿瘤，通常在炎症环境中发生。的确，在大多数情况下，HCC是在患有慢性肝病的患者中诊断出的，尽管有早期诊断监测计划，但它仍是导致死亡的主要原因之一。¹肝硬化是炎症性疾病的典范，因为它常与慢性病毒性或酒精相关性肝炎或非酒精性脂肪肝疾病（NAFLD）的患者共同发展；各种病因引起的肝细胞损伤最终导致组织修复直至纤维化的发展。在这种炎性微环境中持续的肝细胞增殖促进了触发肝癌发生的基因突变。^2个