The developmental origins of health and disease hypothesis applied to neurodevelopmental outcomes asserts that the fetal origins of future development are relevant to mental health. There is a third pathway for the familial inheritance of risk for psychiatric illness beyond shared genes and the quality of parental care: the impact of pregnant women's distress-defined broadly to include perceived stress, life events, depression, and anxiety-on fetal and infant brain-behavior development. We discuss epidemiological and observational clinical data demonstrating that maternal distress is associated with children's increased risk for psychopathology: For example, high maternal anxiety is associated with a twofold increase in the risk of probable mental disorder in children. We review several biological systems hypothesized to be mechanisms by which maternal distress affects fetal and child brain and behavior development, as well as the clinical implications of studies of the developmental origins of health and disease that focus on maternal distress. Development and parenting begin before birth.

中文翻译：

---

未来精神病理学的产前发育起源：机制和途径。


健康和疾病的发育起源假说应用于神经发育结果，断言未来发育的胎儿起源与心理健康相关。除了共同的基因和父母的照顾质量之外，精神疾病风险的家族遗传还有第三条途径：孕妇的痛苦的影响广泛地包括感知到的压力、生活事件、抑郁和焦虑对胎儿和婴儿的影响大脑行为发展。我们讨论了流行病学和观察性临床数据，这些数据表明，母亲的痛苦与儿童患精神病理学的风险增加有关：例如，母亲的高度焦虑与儿童可能患精神障碍的风险增加两倍有关。我们回顾了几种被假设为孕产妇痛苦影响胎儿和儿童大脑和行为发育的机制的生物系统，以及关注孕产妇痛苦的健康和疾病发育起源研究的临床意义。发育和养育在出生前就开始了。