The gut microbiome is implicated in the pathophysiology of a wide range of psychological disorders. Preclinical studies have provided us with key insights into the mechanisms by which the microbiome influences bidirectional gut-brain communication. There are many signaling pathways involved, including the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis, immune modulation, tryptophan and serotonin metabolism, bile acid transformation, microbial production of neuroactive compounds, and regulation of the endocannabinoid system. The complex and widespread influence of the microbiome on many physiological and psychological processes has generated a keen interest in its therapeutic potential for depression, anxiety, autism, and other psychiatric disorders. It has been shown that the microbiome composition of people suffering with such conditions differs significantly from that of healthy controls, and although the area is in its infancy, interventional studies that alter a person's microbiome through the use of probiotics, prebiotics, or dietary change can alleviate psychopathological symptoms.

中文翻译：

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人与微生物组：万物的新理论？

肠道微生物组与多种心理疾病的病理生理有关。临床前研究为我们提供了微生物组影响双向肠脑交流的机制的关键见解。涉及许多信号传导途径，包括下丘脑-垂体-肾上腺轴，免疫调节，色氨酸和5-羟色胺代谢，胆汁酸转化，神经活性化合物的微生物产生以及内源性大麻素系统的调节。微生物组对许多生理和心理过程的复杂而广泛的影响，引起了人们对它对抑郁症，焦虑症，自闭症和其他精神疾病的治疗潜力的浓厚兴趣。