The specialties of allergy and clinical immunology have entered the era of precision medicine with the stratification of diseases into distinct disease subsets, specific diagnoses, and targeted treatment options, including biologicals and small molecules. This article reviews recent developments in research and patient care and future trends in the discipline. The section on basic mechanisms of allergic diseases summarizes the current status and defines research needs in structural biology, type 2 inflammation, immune tolerance, neuroimmune mechanisms, role of the microbiome and diet, environmental factors, and respiratory viral infections. In the section on diagnostic challenges, clinical trials, precision medicine and immune monitoring of allergic diseases, asthma, allergic and nonallergic rhinitis, and new approaches to the diagnosis and treatment of drug hypersensitivity reactions are discussed in further detail. In the third section, unmet needs and future research areas for the treatment of allergic diseases are highlighted with topics on food allergy, biologics, small molecules, and novel therapeutic concepts in allergen‐specific immunotherapy for airway disease. Unknowns and future research needs are discussed at the end of each subsection.

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了解过敏性疾病潜在机制以改善患者护理的未来研究趋势

过敏和临床免疫学专业已经进入精准医学时代，将疾病分层为不同的疾病子集、特定的诊断和靶向治疗选择，包括生物制剂和小分子。本文回顾了研究和患者护理的最新发展以及该学科的未来趋势。过敏性疾病的基本机制部分总结了结构生物学、2 型炎症、免疫耐受、神经免疫机制、微生物组和饮食的作用、环境因素和呼吸道病毒感染的现状并定义了研究需求。在过敏性疾病、哮喘、过敏性和非过敏性鼻炎的诊断挑战、临床试验、精准医学和免疫监测部分，并进一步详细讨论了诊断和治疗药物超敏反应的新方法。在第三部分中，重点介绍了过敏性疾病治疗的未满足需求和未来研究领域，主题包括食物过敏、生物制剂、小分子和气道疾病过敏原特异性免疫疗法的新治疗概念。每个小节的末尾讨论了未知数和未来的研究需求。