This review describes the current status and future challenges of risk assessment and regulation of plants modified by modern biotechniques, namely genetic engineering and genome editing. It provides a general overview of the biosafety and regulation of genetically modified plants and details different regulatory frameworks with a focus on the European situation. The environmental risk and safety assessment of genetically modified plants is explained, and aspects of toxicological assessments are discussed, especially the controversial debate in Europe on the added scientific value of untargeted animal feeding studies. Because RNA interference (RNAi) is increasingly explored for commercial applications, the risk and safety assessment of RNAi-based genetically modified plants is also elucidated. The production, detection, and identification of genome-edited plants are described. Recent applications of modern biotechniques, namely synthetic biology and gene drives, are discussed, and a short outlook on the future follows.

中文翻译：

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现代生物技术改造植物的风险评估与调控：现状与未来挑战

本综述描述了现代生物技术（即基因工程和基因组编辑）修饰的植物的风险评估和监管的现状和未来挑战。它概述了转基因植物的生物安全和监管，并详细介绍了不同的监管框架，重点关注欧洲的情况。解释了转基因植物的环境风险和安全评估，并讨论了毒理学评估的各个方面，特别是欧洲关于无目标动物饲养研究的附加科学价值的有争议的辩论。由于 RNA 干扰 (RNAi) 越来越多地用于商业应用，因此也阐明了基于 RNAi 的转基因植物的风险和安全评估。生产、检测、描述了基因组编辑植物的鉴定。讨论了现代生物技术的最新应用，即合成生物学和基因驱动，并对未来进行了简短的展望。