Neurotropic RNA viruses continue to emerge and are increasingly linked to diseases of the central nervous system (CNS) despite viral clearance. Indeed, the overall mortality of viral encephalitis in immunocompetent individuals is low, suggesting efficient mechanisms of virologic control within the CNS. Both immune and neural cells participate in this process, which requires extensive innate immune signaling between resident and infiltrating cells, including microglia and monocytes, that regulate the effector functions of antiviral T and B cells as they gain access to CNS compartments. While these interactions promote viral clearance via mainly neuroprotective mechanisms, they may also promote neuropathology and, in some cases, induce persistent alterations in CNS physiology and function that manifest as neurologic and psychiatric diseases. This review discusses mechanisms of RNA virus clearance and neurotoxicity during viral encephalitis with a focus on the cytokines essential for immune and neural cell inflammatory responses and interactions. Understanding neuroimmune communications in the setting of viral infections is essential for the development of treatments that augment neuroprotective processes while limiting ongoing immunopathological processes that cause ongoing CNS disease.

中文翻译：

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RNA病毒感染期间的神经炎症。

尽管有病毒清除，但神经营养性RNA病毒仍不断出现，并越来越与中枢神经系统（CNS）疾病相关。确实，具有免疫能力的个体的病毒性脑炎的总体死亡率很低，表明中枢神经系统内病毒控制的有效机制。免疫细胞和神经细胞都参与该过程，这需要在常驻和浸润细胞之间进行广泛的先天免疫信号传导，包括小胶质细胞和单核细胞，当它们进入CNS隔室时，它们调节抗病毒T和B细胞的效应子功能。尽管这些相互作用主要通过神经保护机制促进病毒清除，但它们也可能促进神经病理学，在某些情况下，还引起中枢神经系统生理和功能的持续改变，表现为神经系统疾病和精神疾病。这篇综述讨论了病毒性脑炎期间RNA病毒清除和神经毒性的机制，重点是免疫和神经细胞炎症反应和相互作用所必需的细胞因子。了解在病毒感染情况下的神经免疫交流对于开发增强神经保护过程同时限制正在进行的导致正在进行的CNS疾病的免疫病理学过程的治疗方法至关重要。