OBJECTIVE Original case descriptions of autism noted that parents of the affected children tended to be highly educated and intelligent, a characterization that has endured publicly. Recent genetic studies indicate that risk for autism spectrum disorders (ASD) is associated with high intelligence. We examined the association between paternal intelligence and ASD, considering co-occurring intellectual disability (ID) and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). METHOD We used a register-based cohort study design including 360,151 individuals with fathers conscripted to the Swedish military, resident in Stockholm, Sweden, born from 1984 to 2008, and followed until December 31, 2011, for diagnosis of ASD, ADHD, and/or ID. Risk of neurodevelopmental disorders relative to paternal IQ (rated on a 9-point scale) was assessed using a score of 5 (average intelligence) as the referent in models accounting for potentially nonlinear relationships and clustering of siblings. RESULTS We observed an association between high paternal IQ and offspring risk of ASD without ID/ADHD in models adjusted for individual and family characteristics (ORIQ=9 1.32, 95% CI 1.15-1.52), an association that appeared to be driven largely by the fathers' score on the technical comprehension portion of the test (ORTechnical IQ = 9 1.53, 95% CI 1.31-1.78). Conversely, low paternal IQ was associated with ASD+ID (ORIQ = 11.78, 95% CI 1.27-2.49) and ASD+ADHD (ORIQ = 11.40, 95% CI 1.16-1.70); low paternal IQ was strongly associated with ID (ORIQ = 1 4.46, 95% CI 3.62-5.49) and present also for ADHD (ORIQ = 11.56, 95% CI 1.42-1.72)] without co-occurring ASD or ID. CONCLUSION The relationship between paternal IQ and offspring risk of ASD was nonmonotonic and varied by the presence of co-occurring disorders, probably reflecting phenotypic diversity among affected individuals.

中文翻译：

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父母智商与自闭症谱系障碍及其合并症的关联：基于人群的队列研究。

目的自闭症的原始案例描述指出，受影响的孩子的父母往往受过良好的教育和智慧，这一特征已在公众中持续存在。最近的遗传研究表明，自闭症谱系障碍（ASD）的风险与高智商有关。我们考虑了同时发生的智障（ID）和注意力缺陷/多动障碍（ADHD），研究了父亲智力与ASD之间的关联。方法我们采用基于登记的队列研究设计，包括360,151名个体，其父亲应征入伍，居住在瑞典斯德哥尔摩，出生于1984年至2008年，之后一直持续到2011年12月31日，用于诊断ASD，ADHD和/或ID。相对于父亲智商（9分制）的神经发育障碍风险以5分（平均智力）作为模型中潜在的非线性关系和兄弟姐妹聚类的参考指标进行了评估。结果我们观察到，在针对个体和家庭特征进行调整的模型中，较高的父亲智商与没有ID / ADHD的ASD的后代风险之间存在关联（ORIQ = 9 1.32，95％CI 1.15-1.52），这一关联似乎主要是由父亲在考试的技术理解部分上的得分（ORTechnical IQ = 9 1.53，95％CI 1.31-1.78）。相反，较低的父亲智商与ASD + ID（ORIQ = 11.78，95％CI 1.27-2.49）和ASD + ADHD（ORIQ = 11.40，95％CI 1.16-1.70）相关。较低的父亲智商与ID密切相关（ORIQ = 1 4.46，95％CI 3.62-5。49），也存在于ADHD中（ORIQ = 11.56，95％CI 1.42-1.72），而没有同时出现ASD或ID。结论父亲智商与ASD的后代风险之间的关系是非单调的，并因同时发生的疾病而变化，这可能反映了受影响个体之间的表型多样性。