This article introduces and outlines the case for an evolutionary mismatch between smartphones and the social behaviors that help form and maintain close social relationships. As psychological adaptations that enhance human survival and inclusive fitness, self-disclosure and responsiveness evolved in the context of small kin networks to facilitate social bonds, promote trust, and enhance cooperation. These adaptations are central to the development of attachment bonds, and attachment theory is a middle-level evolutionary theory that provides a robust account of the ways human bonding provides for reproductive and inclusive fitness. Evolutionary mismatches operate when modern contexts cue ancestral adaptations in a manner that does not provide for their adaptive benefits. We argue that smartphones and their affordances, although highly beneficial in many circumstances, cue humans' evolved needs for self-disclosure and responsiveness across broad virtual networks and, in turn, have the potential to undermine immediate interpersonal interactions. We review emerging evidence on the topic of technoference, which is defined as the ways in which smartphone use may interfere with or intrude into everyday social interactions. The article concludes with an empirical agenda for advancing the integrative study of smartphones, intimacy processes, and close relationships.

中文翻译：

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智能手机和亲密关系：进化不匹配的案例。

本文介绍并概述了智能手机与有助于形成和维持密切社会关系的社会行为之间进化不匹配的案例。作为增强人类生存和包容性适应性的心理适应，自我表露和反应能力在小亲属网络的背景下发展，以促进社会纽带、促进信任和加强合作。这些适应是依恋纽带发展的核心，依恋理论是一种中级进化理论，它为人类纽带提供生殖和包容性适应性的方式提供了强有力的说明。当现代环境以不提供其适应性益处的方式提示祖先适应时，进化不匹配就会发生。我们认为智能手机及其功能，尽管在许多情况下非常有益，但暗示了人类在广泛的虚拟网络中对自我披露和响应能力的进化需求，进而有可能破坏直接的人际互动。我们回顾了关于技术参考主题的新证据，技术参考被定义为智能手机使用可能干扰或侵入日常社交互动的方式。文章最后提出了一个经验议程，以推进对智能手机、亲密过程和亲密关系的综合研究。这被定义为智能手机的使用可能会干扰或侵入日常社交互动的方式。文章最后提出了一个经验议程，以推进对智能手机、亲密过程和亲密关系的综合研究。这被定义为智能手机的使用可能会干扰或侵入日常社交互动的方式。文章最后提出了一个经验议程，以推进对智能手机、亲密过程和亲密关系的综合研究。