Transforming growth factor (TGF)-β is a crucial enforcer of immune homeostasis and tolerance, inhibiting the expansion and function of many components of the immune system. Perturbations in TGF-β signaling underlie inflammatory diseases and promote tumor emergence. TGF-β is also central to immune suppression within the tumor microenvironment, and recent studies have revealed roles in tumor immune evasion and poor responses to cancer immunotherapy. Here, we present an overview of the complex biology of the TGF-β family and its context-dependent nature. Then, focusing on cancer, we discuss the roles of TGF-β signaling in distinct immune cell types and how this knowledge is being leveraged to unleash the immune system against the tumor.

中文翻译：

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免疫和癌症中转化生长因子-β信号转导。

转化生长因子（TGF）-β是免疫稳态和耐受性的关键执行者，可抑制免疫系统许多组成部分的扩增和功能。TGF-β信号的扰动是炎症性疾病的基础，并促进肿瘤的出现。TGF-β在肿瘤微环境内的免疫抑制中也很重要，最近的研究表明在肿瘤免疫逃避和对癌症免疫疗法的不良反应中发挥了作用。在这里，我们概述了TGF-β家族的复杂生物学及其背景相关的性质。然后，针对癌症，我们讨论了TGF-β信号传导在不同免疫细胞类型中的作用，以及如何利用这一知识来释放针对肿瘤的免疫系统。