Abstract Grandmothers provide more childcare for their daughters' children than for those of their sons, almost everywhere. Exceptions occur where virilocal (patrilocal) postmarital residence makes the children of sons more accessible, but even under virilocality, preferential care of daughters' children, net of the effects of proximity, is often demonstrable. A unique counter-example has been reported by Pashos (2000, Evolution & Human Behavior, 21, 97–109) who found that rural Greek grandmothers cared more for their sons' children even when effects of proximity were controlled; however, this result was based on an analysis in which everything from living in the same household to living in nearby villages was treated as equally close. Here, we present new analyses that replicate Pashos's result, based on a large European survey with a finer differentiation of residential proximity. In interviews conducted in 2004–2007, rural, but not urban, Greek women indeed reported more care of sons' than of daughters' children, net of the effects of proximity and other variables, This rural reversal of the usual uterine (matrilateral) bias was not observed elsewhere in Europe. Greeks were not surveyed again until 2015, whereupon the pattern had disappeared, with rural women now exhibiting a strong uterine bias in grandchild childcare. It seems likely that the financial crisis of 2008–2009, which hit Greece especially hard, played some role in this dramatic change, but it cannot readily be traced to increases in either unemployment or multigenerational households.

中文翻译：

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祖母育儿和亲属关系偏向性。希腊农村是例外吗？

摘要 几乎在所有地方，祖母为女儿的孩子提供的托儿服务比为儿子的孩子提供的托儿服务要多。例外情况是，在 Virilocal (patrilocal) 婚后居住使儿子的孩子更容易接近，但即使在 viilocality 下，通常可以证明优先照顾女儿的孩子，除去邻近的影响。Pashos (2000, Evolution & Human Behavior, 21, 97-109) 报道了一个独特的反例，他发现即使在控制接近效应的情况下，农村的希腊祖母也更关心他们儿子的孩子；然而，这一结果是基于一项分析，其中从住在同一个家庭到住在附近的村庄，一切都被视为同等接近。在这里，我们展示了复制 Pasho 结果的新分析，基于对住宅邻近度进行更精细区分的欧洲大型调查。在 2004 年至 2007 年进行的采访中，农村而非城市的希腊妇女确实报告说对儿子的照顾比对女儿的孩子的照顾要多，扣除接近度和其他变量的影响，这种农村逆转了通常的子宫（母侧）偏见在欧洲其他地方没有观察到。希腊人直到 2015 年才再次接受调查，随后这种模式消失了，农村妇女现在在照顾孙子孙女时表现出强烈的子宫偏见。2008-2009 年金融危机对希腊的打击尤为严重，似乎在这一戏剧性变化中发挥了一定的作用，但不能很容易地将其归因于失业或多代家庭的增加。在 2004 年至 2007 年进行的采访中，农村而非城市的希腊妇女确实报告说对儿子的照顾比对女儿的孩子更多在欧洲其他地方没有观察到。希腊人直到 2015 年才再次接受调查，随后这种模式消失了，农村妇女现在在照顾孙子孙女时表现出强烈的子宫偏见。2008-2009 年金融危机对希腊的打击尤为严重，似乎在这一戏剧性变化中发挥了一定的作用，但不能轻易将其归因于失业或多代家庭的增加。在 2004 年至 2007 年进行的采访中，农村而非城市的希腊妇女确实报告说对儿子的照顾比对女儿的孩子更多在欧洲其他地方没有观察到。希腊人直到 2015 年才再次接受调查，随后这种模式消失了，农村妇女现在在照顾孙子孙女时表现出强烈的子宫偏见。2008-2009 年金融危机对希腊的打击尤为严重，似乎在这一戏剧性变化中发挥了一定的作用，但不能轻易将其归因于失业或多代家庭的增加。在欧洲其他地方没有观察到这种对通常子宫（母侧）偏倚的农村逆转。希腊人直到 2015 年才再次接受调查，随后这种模式消失了，农村妇女现在在照顾孙子孙女时表现出强烈的子宫偏见。2008-2009 年金融危机对希腊的打击尤为严重，似乎在这一戏剧性变化中发挥了一定的作用，但不能轻易将其归因于失业或多代家庭的增加。在欧洲其他地方没有观察到这种对通常子宫（母侧）偏倚的农村逆转。希腊人直到 2015 年才再次接受调查，随后这种模式消失了，农村妇女现在在照顾孙子孙女时表现出强烈的子宫偏见。2008-2009 年金融危机对希腊的打击尤为严重，似乎在这一戏剧性变化中发挥了一定的作用，但不能轻易将其归因于失业或多代家庭的增加。