Regeneration, an ability to replace lost body parts, is widespread across animal species. While mammals poorly regenerate most tissues, teleost fish and urodele amphibians possess remarkable regenerative capacity. Earlier work demonstrated that genes driving regeneration are evolutionarily conserved, indicating that a key factor in diverse tissue regeneration is not the presence or absence of regeneration-driving genes but the mechanisms controlling activation of these genes after injury. Thus, understanding the regulatory events of tissue regeneration could provide the means for unlocking latent capacities for tissue regeneration. After injury, cells undergo extensive epigenetic changes to establish new transcriptional programs for tissue regeneration. Gene transcription in eukaryotes is a complicated process that requires specific interactions between trans-acting regulators and cis-regulatory DNA elements. Among cis-regulatory elements, enhancers are essential to control precise gene expression. Recently, multiple regeneration/injury-associated enhancers have been identified in several model organisms. In this review, we highlight recently discovered regeneration/injury enhancers and their specific characteristics. We also discuss how abnormal regulation of regeneration enhancers influences animal development and physiology. Investigation of regeneration enhancers potentially allows us to begin understanding the fundamental biology of tissue regeneration and inspires new solutions for manipulating regenerative ability.

中文翻译：

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再生增强剂：开始解开组织再生调控事件的旅程。


再生是一种替换失去的身体部位的能力，在动物物种中广泛存在。虽然哺乳动物大多数组织的再生能力很差，但硬骨鱼和有尾目两栖动物却具有显着的再生能力。早期的工作表明，驱动再生的基因在进化上是保守的，这表明不同组织再生的关键因素不是再生驱动基因的存在或不存在，而是控制这些基因在损伤后激活的机制。因此，了解组织再生的调控事件可以提供释放组织再生潜力的方法。损伤后，细胞经历广泛的表观遗传变化，以建立新的组织再生转录程序。真核生物中的基因转录是一个复杂的过程，需要反式作用调节因子和顺式调节 DNA 元件之间的特定相互作用。在顺式调控元件中，增强子对于精确控制基因表达至关重要。最近，在几种模型生物体中发现了多种再生/损伤相关的增强子。在这篇综述中，我们重点介绍了最近发现的再生/损伤增强剂及其具体特征。我们还讨论了再生增强剂的异常调节如何影响动物发育和生理学。对再生增强剂的研究可能使我们能够开始了解组织再生的基本生物学，并激发操纵再生能力的新解决方案。