Abstract Some human subsistence economies are characterized by extensive daily food sharing networks, which may buffer the risk of shortfalls and facilitate cooperative production and divisions of labor among households. Comparative studies of human food sharing can assess the generalizability of this theory across time, space, and diverse lifeways. Here we test several predictions about daily sharing norms–which presumably reflect realized cooperative behavior–in a globally representative sample of nonindustrial societies (the Standard Cross-Cultural Sample), while controlling for multiple sources of autocorrelation among societies using Bayesian multilevel models. Consistent with a risk-buffering function, we find that sharing is less likely in societies with alternative means of smoothing production and consumption such as animal husbandry, food storage, and external trade. Further, food sharing was tightly linked to labor sharing, indicating gains to cooperative production and perhaps divisions of labor. We found a small phylogenetic signal for food sharing (captured by a supertree of human populations based on genetic and linguistic data) that was mediated by food storage and social stratification. Food sharing norms reliably emerge as part of cooperative economies across time and space but are culled by innovations that facilitate self-reliant production.

中文翻译：

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日常食物共享的演变：贝叶斯系统发育分析

摘要 一些人类生存经济的特点是广泛的日常食物共享网络，这可以缓冲短缺风险，促进家庭之间的合作生产和分工。人类食物共享的比较研究可以评估这一理论在时间、空间和不同生活方式上的普遍性。在这里，我们在非工业社会的全球代表性样本（标准跨文化样本）中测试了关于日常共享规范的几个预测——这可能反映了已实现的合作行为，同时使用贝叶斯多级模型控制社会之间的多个自相关来源。与风险缓冲功能一致，我们发现在有其他平滑生产和消费方式的社会中，共享的可能性较小，例如畜牧业、粮食储存和对外贸易。此外，食物分享与劳动分享密切相关，表明合作生产和分工可能带来收益。我们发现了一个由食物储存和社会分层介导的食物共享的小系统发育信号（由基于遗传和语言数据的人口超级树捕获）。食物共享规范可靠地作为跨时空合作经济的一部分出现，但被促进自力更生生产的创新淘汰。我们发现了一个由食物储存和社会分层介导的食物共享的小系统发育信号（由基于遗传和语言数据的人口超级树捕获）。食物共享规范可靠地作为跨时空合作经济的一部分出现，但被促进自力更生生产的创新淘汰。我们发现了一个由食物储存和社会分层介导的食物共享的小系统发育信号（由基于遗传和语言数据的人口超级树捕获）。食物共享规范可靠地作为跨时空合作经济的一部分出现，但被促进自力更生生产的创新淘汰。