Quantum resource theories (QRTs) offer a highly versatile and powerful framework for studying different phenomena in quantum physics. From quantum entanglement to quantum computation, resource theories can be used to quantify a desirable quantum effect, develop new protocols for its detection, and identify processes that optimize its use for a given application. Particularly, QRTs have revolutionized the way we think about familiar properties of physical systems such as entanglement, elevating them from being just interesting fundamental phenomena to being useful in performing practical tasks. The basic methodology of a general QRT involves partitioning all quantum states into two groups, one consisting of free states and the other consisting of resource states. Accompanying the set of free states is a collection of free quantum operations arising from natural restrictions placed on the physical system, restrictions that force the free operations to act invariantly on the set of free states. The QRT then studies what information processing tasks become possible using the restricted operations. Despite the large degree of freedom in how one defines the free states and free operations, unexpected similarities emerge among different QRTs in terms of resource measures and resource convertibility. As a result, objects that appear quite distinct on the surface, such as entanglement and quantum reference frames, appear to have great similarity on a deeper structural level. This article reviews the general framework of a quantum resource theory, focusing on common structural features, operational tasks, and resource measures. To illustrate these concepts, an overview is provided on some of the more commonly studied QRTs in the literature.

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量子资源理论

量子资源理论（QRT）为研究量子物理学中的不同现象提供了一个高度通用且功能强大的框架。从量子纠缠到量子计算，资源理论可用于量化所需的量子效应，开发用于检测其的新协议以及识别可优化其在给定应用中的使用的过程。尤其是，QRT彻底改变了我们思考物理系统的熟悉特性（例如纠缠）的方式，将它们从仅仅是有趣的基本现象提升为对执行实际任务有用的方法。通用QRT的基本方法包括将所有量子态分为两组，一组由自由态组成，另一组由资源态组成。伴随自由状态集的是由于对物理系统施加的自然限制而产生的自由量子操作的集合，这些限制迫使自由操作对自由状态集进行不变的操作。然后，QRT研究使用受限操作可以实现哪些信息处理任务。尽管在定义自由状态和自由操作的方式上有很大的自由度，但是在资源度量和资源可转换性方面，不同QRT之间出现了意想不到的相似性。结果，表面上看起来非常不同的对象（例如纠缠和量子参考框架）在更深的结构级别上似乎具有很大的相似性。本文回顾了量子资源理论的一般框架，重点介绍了常见的结构特征，操作任务，和资源措施。为了说明这些概念，提供了一些文献中最常研究的QRT的概述。