Human milk contains a plethora of nutrients and bioactive components to help nourish the developing neonate and is considered the "gold standard" for early life nutrition-as befits the only food "designed" by evolution to feed human infants. Over the past decade, there is considerable evidence that highlights the "intelligence" contained in milk components that contribute to infant health beyond basic nutrition-in areas such as programming the developing microbiome and immune system and protecting against infection. Such discoveries have led to new opportunities for infant milk formula (IMF) manufacturers to refine nutritional content in order to simulate the functionality of breast milk. These include the addition of specialized protein fractions as well as fatty acid and complex carbohydrate components-all of which have mechanistic supporting evidence in terms of improving the health and nutrition of the infant. Moreover, IMF is the single most important dietary intervention whereby the human microbiome can be influenced at a crucial early stage of development. In this respect, it is expected that the complexity of IMF will continue to increase as we get a greater understanding of how it can modulate microbiota development (including the development of probiotics, prebiotics, and synbiotics) and influence long-term health. This review provides a scientific evaluation of key features of importance to infant nutrition, including differences in milk composition and emerging "humanized" ingredients.

中文翻译：

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婴儿配方科学的进展。

母乳含有大量营养成分和生物活性成分，有助于滋养发育中的新生儿，并被认为是生命早期营养的“金标准”，因为它是通过进化设计“喂养”人类婴儿的唯一食品。在过去的十年中，有大量证据突出了牛奶成分中所含的“智力”，这些营养成分对婴儿的健康超出了基本营养范围，例如对正在发展的微生物组和免疫系统进行编程，以及防止感染。这样的发现为婴儿配方奶粉（IMF）制造商带来了新的机会，以提炼营养成分以模拟母乳的功能。这些措施包括添加专门的蛋白质馏分以及脂肪酸和复杂的碳水化合物成分，所有这些成分在改善婴儿的健康和营养方面均具有机械支持证据。此外，IMF是最重要的饮食干预措施，因此人类微生物组可以在发育的关键早期阶段受到影响。在这方面，随着我们对IMF如何调节微生物群发育（包括益生菌，益生元和合生素的发育）并影响长期健康的了解，预计IMF的复杂性将继续增加。这篇综述提供了对婴儿营养重要性的关键特征的科学评估，包括牛奶成分和新兴“人性化”成分的差异。