Abstract Electronic devices are ubiquitous and inorganic semiconductors generally serve as their active components. Recently, organic semiconductors, i.e., conjugated polymers, oligomers and small molecules with delocalized π-electron clouds, have been employed in electronic and optoelectronic devices and their performances are being constantly improved. In this context, the columnar phases of discotic liquid crystals have been investigated as a new generation of organic semiconductors in organic field-effect transistors (OFETs), organic light emitting diodes (OLEDs), organic photovoltaic (OPV) solar cells, etc. These self-organizing and soft materials possess the necessary charge carrier mobility and anisotropic conduction characteristics for employment in semiconductor devices, however little control over the desired molecular orientation in device architectures has been a major roadblock in the exploration of the full potential of these fascinating functional materials. Since spontaneous alignment capability of these intriguing materials is poor, various methods and techniques have been developed to direct their molecular orientation with suitable configuration using different stimuli to demonstrate their optimal performance in device structures. Accordingly, a variety of physical and chemical methods have been used to obtain highly ordered columns with desired orientation on single substrates as open supported films and in-between two substrates as confined flat films. Moreover, their controlled organizations in micro and nano grooves, trenches and pores have also been demonstrated. This article deals with the different methods involving various stimuli used for the large area alignment control of discotic columnar phases both parallel (uniaxial planar) and perpendicular (homeotropic) to the substrates. Various strategies utilizing one or more stimulus to control the alignment have been described. The applications of achieved alignment control over the supramolecular columnar nanostructures in the fabrication optoelectronic devices have been highlighted. The article concludes with a brief perspective on the challenges and opportunities in this area of research and development involving these intriguing self-healing materials.

中文翻译：

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用于有机电子的自组织一维半导体柱状液晶纳米结构的刺激定向排列

摘要 电子器件无处不在，无机半导体通常作为其有源器件。近年来，有机半导体，即具有离域π电子云的共轭聚合物、低聚物和小分子，已被用于电子和光电器件中，其性能也在不断提高。在此背景下，盘状液晶的柱状相已被研究为有机场效应晶体管 (OFET)、有机发光二极管 (OLED)、有机光伏 (OPV) 太阳能电池等中的新一代有机半导体。这些自组织和软材料具有在半导体器件中使用所需的电荷载流子迁移率和各向异性传导特性，然而，对器件结构中所需分子取向的控制很少是探索这些迷人功能材料的全部潜力的主要障碍。由于这些有趣材料的自发排列能力很差，因此已经开发了各种方法和技术来使用不同的刺激以合适的配置引导它们的分子取向，以证明它们在器件结构中的最佳性能。因此，各种物理和化学方法已被用于在单个基板上获得具有所需取向的高度有序的柱作为开放支撑膜，并在两个基板之间作为受限平面膜。此外，它们在微米和纳米凹槽、沟槽和孔隙中的受控组织也得到了证实。本文介绍了涉及各种刺激的不同方法，这些方法用于盘状柱状相的大面积对齐控制，平行（单轴平面）和垂直（垂直）与基板。已经描述了利用一种或多种刺激来控制对齐的各种策略。已经强调了对超分子柱状纳米结构实现对准控制在制造光电器件中的应用。文章最后简要介绍了涉及这些有趣的自愈材料的研究和开发领域的挑战和机遇。已经描述了利用一种或多种刺激来控制对齐的各种策略。已经强调了对超分子柱状纳米结构实现对准控制在制造光电器件中的应用。文章最后简要介绍了涉及这些有趣的自愈材料的研究和开发领域的挑战和机遇。已经描述了利用一种或多种刺激来控制对齐的各种策略。已经强调了对超分子柱状纳米结构实现对准控制在制造光电器件中的应用。文章最后简要介绍了涉及这些有趣的自愈材料的研究和开发领域的挑战和机遇。