Magnetic skyrmions are topologically protected nanoscale spin textures with particle-like properties. In bulk cubic helimagnets, they appear under applied magnetic fields and condense spontaneously into a lattice in a narrow region of the phase diagram just below the magnetic ordering temperature, the so-called A-phase. Theory, however, predicts skyrmions to be locally stable in a wide range of magnetic fields and temperatures. Our neutron diffraction measurements reveal the formation of skyrmion states in large areas of the magnetic phase diagram, from the lowest temperatures up to the A-phase. We show that nascent and disappearing spiral states near critical lines catalyze topological charge changing processes, leading to the formation and destruction of skyrmionic states at low temperatures, which are thermodynamically stable or metastable depending on the orientation and strength of the magnetic field. Skyrmions are surprisingly resilient to high magnetic fields: the memory of skyrmion lattice states persists in the field polarized state, even when the skyrmion lattice signal has disappeared. These findings highlight the paramount role of magnetic anisotropies in stabilizing skyrmionic states and open up new routes for manipulating these quasi-particles towards energy-efficient spintronics applications.

磁性天生离子是具有粒子状特性的拓扑保护的纳米级自旋纹理。在散装立方六面体中，它们出现在外加磁场下，并在相序图的狭窄区域中，在磁性排序温度以下，即所谓的A相，自发地凝结成晶格。然而，理论预测，在较大范围的磁场和温度下，天蝎子是局部稳定的。我们的中子衍射测量揭示了从最低温度到A相，在磁相图大面积区域中形成的Skyrmion态。我们表明，临界线附近新生并逐渐消失的螺旋态会催化拓扑电荷变化过程，从而导致低温下天体离子态的形成和破坏，根据磁场的方向和强度，它们是热力学稳定或亚稳态的。天rm离子惊人地对强磁场具有弹性：即使天sky离子晶格信号消失了，天rm离子晶格状态的记忆也保持在场极化状态。这些发现凸显了磁各向异性在稳定天体离子状态中的最重要作用，并为操纵这些准粒子向节能型自旋电子学的应用开辟了新途径。