Plant biotrophic oomycetes cause significant production problems and economic losses in modern agriculture and are controlled by fungicide applications and resistance breeding. However, high genetic variability and fast adaptation of the pathogens counteract these measures. As a consequence of the “arms race,” new pathogen phenotypes recurrently occur and may rapidly dominate the population when selected through the pressure of control measures. Intensive monitoring with fast and reliable identification of virulence phenotypes is essential to avoid epidemics and the economic consequences in agriculture. For some of the most important downy mildews and white blister rusts, bioassay-based differentiation has been established to classify infectivity of field isolates or cultivated strains on hosts of defined resistance. However, the testing is laborious, time-consuming, logistically demanding, and prone to impreciseness. Alternatively, host independent classification could overcome these problems and enable fast assessment of the infection risk when monitoring the local pathogen population. The prerequisite would be the identification of pathogen characters correlating with the infection behavior. This review examines the current situation of bioassay-based pathotyping in six of the most important biotrophic oomycetes (Plasmopara viticola, Plasmopara halstedii, Pseudoperonospora cubensis, Peronospora tabacina, Bremia lactucae, and Albugo candida) and gives an overview on attempts and progress to identify genetic markers of the pathogens that correlate with their infection behavior.

中文翻译：

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具有经济意义的生物营养卵菌的病理系统的生物学特性和毒力多样性评估

植物营养型卵菌在现代农业中引起严重的生产问题和经济损失，并受到杀真菌剂应用和抗性育种的控制。但是，高遗传变异性和病原体的快速适应性抵消了这些措施。“军备竞赛”的结果是，新的病原体表型反复出现，并且在通过控制措施的压力进行选择时可能迅速占主导地位。快速，可靠地识别毒力表型的密集监视对于避免流行病和农业的经济后果至关重要。对于某些最重要的霜霉病和白色水疱锈病，已经建立了基于生物测定的分类方法，以将田间分离株或栽培菌株在确定抗性的宿主上的感染力分类。然而，测试费力，费时，后勤要求高并且容易出错。或者，独立于主机的分类可以克服这些问题，并在监视本地病原体种群时能够快速评估感染风险。前提是要确定与感染行为相关的病原体特征。这篇综述研究了六种最重要的生物营养性卵菌（以生物测定为基础的病理分型的现状）（葡萄纤维单胞菌，哈氏疟原虫，立方体假单胞菌，烟粉虱，Bremia lactucae和白念珠菌），并概述了鉴定与感染行为相关的病原体遗传标记的尝试和进展。