Productivity among small‐ and medium‐scale tilapia farms varies considerably. The difference between the best performers and lower ones (yield gap), is affected by differences in growth rate and feed conversion ratio (FCR). FCR at the farm level is strongly influenced by survival of fish. In this study a systematic literature review of two databases (ASFA and CAB‐Abstracts) identified 1973 potentially relevant articles. Data from 32 articles that met the inclusion criteria were analysed using linear mixed models for the most important factors with significant contributions to growth [investigated through analysis of the thermal growth coefficient (TGC)], survival and FCR of Nile tilapia. Increasing crude protein (CP), dissolved oxygen (DO) and pH significantly decreased FCR and increased TGC. Increasing stocking weight (SW) significantly improved both FCR and survival. Temperature had the largest effect on FCR followed by DO, pH and CP. DO had the largest effect on TGC followed by CP and pH. This study confirms that the optimal rearing temperature for Nile tilapia is between 27 and 32°C. Improving management to optimize DO (> 5 mg/L), stocking density (3–5 fish/m²), SW (> 10 g) and CP (25 − 30%) will improve performance and survival in small‐ and medium‐scale tilapia farming. However, it is hard to influence temperature in ponds and cages while DO is largely influenced by aeration. Since many small‐ and medium‐sized farms do not have aeration, these major tilapia farming systems could benefit from genetically improved strains selected for resilience to highly fluctuating diurnal temperature and DO levels.

中文翻译：

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关于影响尼罗罗非鱼生长，饲料转化率和生存的主要因素的系统文献综述

中小型罗非鱼养殖场的生产率差异很大。表现最佳与表现较低的产品（产量差距）之间的差异受生长速率和饲料转化率（FCR）差异的影响。养殖场的FCR受鱼类生存的强烈影响。在这项研究中，对两个数据库（ASFA和CAB-Abstracts）的系统文献综述确定了1973年可能相关的文章。使用线性混合模型对符合入选标准的32篇文章的数据进行了分析，这些模型对尼罗罗非鱼的生长具有重要贡献[对热生长系数（TGC）进行了分析]，存活率和FCR。增加粗蛋白（CP），溶解氧（DO）和pH值会显着降低FCR和增加TGC。增加放养重量（SW）可显着提高FCR和存活率。温度对FCR的影响最大，其次是DO，pH和CP。DO对TGC的影响最大，其次是CP和pH。这项研究证实，尼罗罗非鱼的最佳饲养温度在27至32°C之间。改善管理以优化溶解氧（> 5 mg / L），放养密度（3-5鱼/米）²），SW（> 10 g）和CP（25-30％）将改善中小型罗非鱼养殖的性能和存活率。但是，溶解氧在很大程度上受曝气影响，因此很难影响池塘和网箱的温度。由于许多中小型养殖场没有通气，因此这些主要的罗非鱼养殖系统可以从经过基因改良的菌株中受益，这些菌株经选择具有适应日变化高的温度和溶解氧水平的适应力。