For more than 40 years after its discovery, histone methylation was thought to be largely irreversible. However, the first histone demethylase (HDM) was identified in 2004, challenging this notion. Since that time, more than 20 HDMs have been identified and characterized, and many have been shown to have critical roles in organismal development, cell fate, and disease. Here, we highlight some of the recent advances in our understanding of the function of HDMs in the context of neuronal development, plasticity, and disease. We focus, in particular, on molecular genetic studies of LSD1, Kdm6b, and Kdm5c that have elucidated both enzymatic and non-enzymatic gene regulatory functions of these HDMs in neurons.

中文翻译：

---

组蛋白脱甲基酶在神经元分化，可塑性和疾病中的作用。

自发现以来的40多年来，组蛋白甲基化被认为在很大程度上是不可逆的。但是，第一个组蛋白脱甲基酶（HDM）于2004年被发现，对这一概念提出了挑战。自那时以来，已经鉴定和鉴定了20多种HDM，并且许多已显示在生物体发育，细胞命运和疾病中具有关键作用。在这里，我们重点介绍了在神经元发育，可塑性和疾病的背景下对HDM功能的理解的最新进展。我们尤其专注于LSD1，Kdm6b和Kdm5c的分子遗传学研究，这些研究阐明了神经元中这些HDM的酶促和非酶促基因调节功能。