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Impact of proteolysis on cancer stem cell functions.
Biochimie ( IF 3.3 ) Pub Date : 2019-03-12 , DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2019.03.002
Larissa E Hillebrand 1 , Thomas Reinheckel 2
Affiliation  

Cancer cells within a tumor are heterogeneous and exist in a variety of functionally distinct cell states, which are thought to be hierarchically organized. The cell on top of this hierarchy, the cancer stem cell (CSC) or, alternatively, tumor initiating cell (TIC), is responsible for initiation, maintenance, progression, and relapse of tumors. For the execution of these functions, CSC are equipped with distinct molecular tools. Although proteolytic enzymes in cancers have been extensively studied in general, relatively few studies have addressed proteases in function and fate of CSC/TICs. Here we review protease involvement in cell biological hallmarks of CSC/TICs such as cellular self-renewal, extracellular matrix remodeling and cell motility, resistance to radio- and chemotherapies, as well as evasion of the immune system. In general, CSC/TICs are characterized by a comparatively high expression and activity of proteases. It appears that CSC/TICs install a high degree of pericellular proteolysis depending on metalloproteases such as ADAMs and MMPs but also on secreted serine- and cysteine proteases. Interestingly, it turned out that not all proteases promote the malignant behavior of CSC/TICs. In fact, some proteases, such as ADAM 23, cathepsin K, and granzyme B, have been shown to negatively regulate CSC/TIC functions, thereby exhibiting anti-tumor effects. Finally, we discuss how the enhanced proteolytic signature of CSC/TICs can be used for their therapeutic targeting in order to render this clinically decisive subpopulation of cancer cells harmless.

中文翻译:

蛋白水解对癌症干细胞功能的影响。

肿瘤内的癌细胞是异质的,并以各种功能不同的细胞状态存在,这些状态被认为是按层次组织的。在此层次结构之上的细胞,即癌症干细胞(CSC)或肿瘤起始细胞(TIC),负责肿瘤的起始,维持,进展和复发。为了执行这些功能,CSC配备了独特的分子工具。尽管通常已经对癌症中的蛋白水解酶进行了广泛的研究,但相对很少的研究涉及蛋白酶在CSC / TICs的功能和命运方面的作用。在这里,我们审查蛋白酶参与CSC / TICs的细胞生物学标志,例如细胞自我更新,细胞外基质重塑和细胞运动,对放射和化学疗法的抵抗力以及对免疫系统的逃避。一般来说,CSC / TICs的特征是蛋白酶的表达和活性较高。似乎CSC / TICs依赖于金属蛋白酶(如ADAM和MMP)以及分泌的丝氨酸和半胱氨酸蛋白酶而具有高度的细胞周蛋白水解作用。有趣的是,事实证明并非所有蛋白酶都能促进CSC / TIC的恶性行为。实际上,某些蛋白酶(例如ADAM 23,组织蛋白酶K和颗粒酶B)已显示出负调节CSC / TIC功能的作用,从而表现出抗肿瘤作用。最后,我们讨论了如何将增强的CSC / TICs的蛋白水解特征用于其治疗目标,以使这种临床上决定性的癌细胞亚群无害。似乎CSC / TICs依赖于金属蛋白酶(如ADAM和MMP)以及分泌的丝氨酸和半胱氨酸蛋白酶而具有高度的细胞周蛋白水解作用。有趣的是,事实证明并非所有蛋白酶都能促进CSC / TIC的恶性行为。实际上,已显示某些蛋白酶(例如ADAM 23,组织蛋白酶K和颗粒酶B)负调节CSC / TIC功能,从而表现出抗肿瘤作用。最后,我们讨论了如何将增强的CSC / TICs的蛋白水解特征用于其治疗目标,以使这种临床上决定性的癌细胞亚群无害。似乎CSC / TICs依赖于金属蛋白酶(如ADAM和MMP)以及分泌的丝氨酸和半胱氨酸蛋白酶而具有高度的细胞周蛋白水解作用。有趣的是,事实证明并非所有蛋白酶都能促进CSC / TIC的恶性行为。实际上,某些蛋白酶(例如ADAM 23,组织蛋白酶K和颗粒酶B)已显示出负调节CSC / TIC功能的作用,从而表现出抗肿瘤作用。最后,我们讨论了如何将增强的CSC / TICs的蛋白水解特征用于其治疗目标,以使这种临床上决定性的癌细胞亚群无害。事实证明,并非所有蛋白酶都能促进CSC / TIC的恶性行为。实际上,某些蛋白酶(例如ADAM 23,组织蛋白酶K和颗粒酶B)已显示出负调节CSC / TIC功能的作用,从而表现出抗肿瘤作用。最后,我们讨论了如何将增强的CSC / TICs的蛋白水解特征用于其治疗目标,以使这种临床上决定性的癌细胞亚群无害。事实证明,并非所有蛋白酶都能促进CSC / TIC的恶性行为。实际上,某些蛋白酶(例如ADAM 23,组织蛋白酶K和颗粒酶B)已显示出负调节CSC / TIC功能的作用,从而表现出抗肿瘤作用。最后,我们讨论了如何将增强的CSC / TICs的蛋白水解特征用于其治疗目标,以使这种临床上决定性的癌细胞亚群无害。
更新日期:2019-07-07
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