The transport approach is a useful tool to study dynamics of non-equilibrium systems. For heavy-ion collisions at intermediate energies, where both the smooth nucleon potential and the hard-core nucleon-nucleon collision are important, the dynamics are properly described by two families of transport models, i.e., the Boltzmann-Uehling-Uhlenbeck approach and the quantum molecular dynamics approach. These transport models have been extensively used to extract valuable information of the nuclear equation of state, the nuclear symmetry energy, and microscopic nuclear interactions from intermediate-energy heavy-ion collision experiments. On the other hand, there do exist deviations on the predications and conclusions from different transport models. Efforts on the transport code evaluation project are devoted in order to understand the model dependence of transport simulations and well control the main ingredients, such as the initialization, the mean-field potential, the nucleon-nucleon collision, etc. A new era of accurately extracting nuclear interactions from transport model studies is foreseen.

中文翻译：

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描述中能重离子碰撞的传输方法

传输方法是研究非平衡系统动力学的有用工具。对于中等能量的重离子碰撞，平滑核子势和硬核核子-核子碰撞都很重要，动力学由两类输运模型正确描述，即 Boltzmann-Uehling-Uhlenbeck 方法和量子分子动力学方法。这些输运模型已被广泛用于从中能重离子碰撞实验中提取核状态方程、核对称能和微观核相互作用的有价值信息。另一方面，不同运输模型的预测和结论确实存在偏差。