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From potential to practical: conserving bees in urban public green spaces
Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment ( IF 10.0 ) Pub Date : 2019-03-04 , DOI: 10.1002/fee.2015
Katherine J Turo 1 , Mary M Gardiner 1
Affiliation  

P green spaces are interwoven throughout every urban landscape. These habitats are an important resource for the provision of ecosystem services, and benefit both biodiversity and human wellbeing in cities. We define “public green spaces” here as land owned and/or managed by public organizations or municipal governments, including parks, vacant lots, unoccupied land held in trust, rightsofway (eg roadside verges, powerlines, railways), and grounds associated with government facilities, schools, or museums. Despite the challenges of urbanization, public green spaces have considerable potential for conservation (Gardiner et al. 2013; Baldock et al. 2015; Hall et al. 2017). High bee richness is frequently documented in cities (Senapathi et al. 2017; Theodorou et al. 2017), highlighting the ability of many bee species to overcome stressors associated with urbanization (Harrison and Winfree 2015). However, we contend that the potential of urban green spaces for bee conservation is jeopardized by collective underestimation of the complexity involved in translating research into practical implementation. Landscape manipulation that is carried out without coestablishing goals with urban residents and following communitydriven design processes (Nassauer and Opdam 2008; Nassauer 2012) may be shortlived, if realized at all. Several forms of public green space are candidates for pollinator conservation, including urban parks, public lawns, and gardens (Larson et al. 2014); community or allotment gardens and farms (Matteson and Langellotto 2011); green roofs (Tonietto et al. 2011); and vacant lots (Figure 1; Gardiner et al. 2013; Sivakoff et al. 2018). Recommendations to maximize the quality of these green spaces for bees often focus on reducing management frequency or intensity, as well as increasing the abundance of flowering vegetation (Garbuzov et al. 2015a; Wastian et al. 2016; Hall et al. 2017). However, there are many gaps in our understanding of these strategies, which, if not addressed, will continue to impede effective bee conservation in cities. For example, not all “pollinator friendly” plant lists are verified by empirical studies that quantify bee visitation or evaluate pollen/nectar nutritional content. Furthermore, there is little information available regarding how factors such as bee reproduction, survivorship, dispersal, and population connectivity are influenced by these interventions. These gaps in scientific knowledge can be addressed with future investment in urban pollinator research, but translating scientific recommendations into practices that meet the expectations for public green spaces held by urban residents is more complex and challenging. When planning future green spaces, it is important to be mindful of the perspectives of local residents and to recognize that a city’s unique context may influence such preferences. In cities undergoing economic expansion, green spaces are often viewed positively by residents (Ives et al. 2017), even when they incorporate relatively tall meadow plants (Southon et al. 2017). Conversely, in shrinking cities that are experiencing populaFrom potential to practical: conserving bees in urban public green spaces

中文翻译:

从潜力到实用:保护城市公共绿地中的蜜蜂

P 绿色空间交织在每一个城市景观中。这些栖息地是提供生态系统服务的重要资源,有益于城市的生物多样性和人类福祉。我们在此将“公共绿地”定义为公共组织或市政府拥有和/或管理的土地,包括公园、空地、托管的未占用土地、通行权(例如路边、电力线、铁路)以及与政府相关的场地设施、学校或博物馆。尽管面临城市化挑战,公共绿地仍有相当大的保护潜力(Gardiner 等人,2013 年;Baldock 等人,2015 年;Hall 等人,2017 年)。城市中经常记录到大量的蜜蜂(Senapathi 等人,2017 年;Theodorou 等人,2017 年),强调了许多蜜蜂物种克服与城市化相关的压力因素的能力(Harrison 和 Winfree 2015)。然而,我们认为城市绿地保护蜜蜂的潜力因集体低估将研究转化为实际实施所涉及的复杂性而受到损害。如果在没有与城市居民共同建立目标和遵循社区驱动的设计过程(Nassauer 和 Opdam 2008;Nassauer 2012)的情况下进行景观处理,如果实现的话,可能是短暂的。几种形式的公共绿地是保护传粉媒介的候选者,包括城市公园、公共草坪和花园(Larson 等人,2014 年);社区或分配花园和农场(Matteson 和 Langellotto 2011);绿色屋顶(Tonietto 等人,2011 年);和空地(图 1;Gardiner 等人。2013年;西瓦科夫等人。2018)。最大化这些蜜蜂绿色空间质量的建议通常侧重于减少管理频率或强度,以及增加开花植被的数量(Garbuzov 等人 2015a;Wastian 等人 2016;Hall 等人 2017)。然而,我们对这些策略的理解存在许多差距,如果不加以解决,将继续阻碍城市中有效的蜜蜂保护。例如,并非所有“授粉者友好”的植物清单都经过量化蜜蜂访问或评估花粉/花蜜营养成分的实证研究验证。此外,关于这些干预措施如何影响蜜蜂繁殖、存活、传播和种群连通性等因素的信息很少。这些科学知识的差距可以通过未来对城市传粉媒介研究的投资来解决,但将科学建议转化为满足城市居民对公共绿地期望的实践更加复杂和具有挑战性。在规划未来的绿色空间时,重要的是要注意当地居民的观点,并认识到一个城市的独特环境可能会影响这种偏好。在经济扩张的城市中,居民通常对绿色空间持积极态度(Ives 等人,2017 年),即使它们包含相对较高的草甸植物(Southon 等人,2017 年)。相反,在人口萎缩的城市中从潜力到实践:保护城市公共绿地中的蜜蜂 但将科学建议转化为满足城市居民对公共绿地期望的实践则更为复杂和具有挑战性。在规划未来的绿色空间时,重要的是要注意当地居民的观点,并认识到一个城市的独特环境可能会影响这种偏好。在经济扩张的城市中,居民通常对绿色空间持积极态度(Ives 等人,2017 年),即使它们包含相对较高的草甸植物(Southon 等人,2017 年)。相反,在人口萎缩的城市中从潜力到实践:保护城市公共绿地中的蜜蜂 但将科学建议转化为满足城市居民对公共绿地期望的实践则更为复杂和具有挑战性。在规划未来的绿色空间时,重要的是要注意当地居民的观点,并认识到一个城市的独特环境可能会影响这种偏好。在经济扩张的城市中,居民通常对绿色空间持积极态度(Ives 等人,2017 年),即使它们包含相对较高的草甸植物(Southon 等人,2017 年)。相反,在人口萎缩的城市中从潜力到实践:保护城市公共绿地中的蜜蜂 重要的是要注意当地居民的观点,并认识到一个城市的独特环境可能会影响这种偏好。在经济扩张的城市中,居民通常对绿色空间持积极态度(Ives 等人,2017 年),即使它们包含相对较高的草甸植物(Southon 等人,2017 年)。相反,在人口萎缩的城市中从潜力到实践:保护城市公共绿地中的蜜蜂 重要的是要注意当地居民的观点,并认识到一个城市的独特环境可能会影响这种偏好。在经济扩张的城市中,居民通常对绿色空间持积极态度(Ives 等人,2017 年),即使它们包含相对较高的草甸植物(Southon 等人,2017 年)。相反,在人口萎缩的城市中从潜力到实践:保护城市公共绿地中的蜜蜂
更新日期:2019-03-04
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