Transformation of intact vegetation into new kinds and configurations of human‐modified habitats is a well‐established driver of biodiversity loss. Following initial conversion, many human‐dominated landscapes are then subject to further large‐scale changes in land use. The impacts on biodiversity of repeated changes in land use remain poorly known, particularly how changes in the matrix interact with initial patterns of vegetation clearing. We used an 18‐yr study of birds in remnant patches of endangered temperate woodland in south‐eastern Australia to quantify the spatial and temporal effects of successive land use transformation in the surrounding landscape. We examined bird response to (1) initial patterns of landscape modification (creating semi‐cleared grazing land dominated by pastures that surrounded remnant woodland patches), (2) subsequent establishment and maturation of exotic tree plantations on the pastures surrounding woodland patches, and (3) additive and interactive effects of both types of landscape transformation. The majority of the 57 bird species modeled responded to conversion of grazing land to exotic plantations, either independently from initial patterns of landscape transformation (20 species), or interactively (18 species) or additively (15 species) with initial landscape transformation. The occurrence of only one species (the Common Bronzewing) was related to patterns of initial transformation but not subsequent transformation due to plantation establishment. Thus, despite many characteristics of the woodland patches within the plantation remaining largely unaltered throughout our 18‐yr investigation, the matrix had a profound effect on the kinds of species inhabiting them, with such impacts often magnified over time as the matrix continued to change. Plantation establishment triggered new regional‐level spatial processes with effects on birds detected in woodland patches up to 2 km away from the plantation. Matrix conversion selected for species with different traits (size, diet and movement patterns) compared to the initial transformation, suggesting it is acting as a different filter on the bird community. New kinds of landscape transformation (such as plantation establishment on previously cleared land) can radically affect the species that have persisted for many decades in previously modified landscapes. This highlights the challenges, but also opportunities, for conserving taxa in ever changing human‐dominated environments.

中文翻译：

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新颖的鸟类对连续的大规模景观转变的反应

将完整的植被转变为新的类型和配置的人类修饰栖息地是生物多样性丧失的公认驱动因素。初步转换后，许多人为主导的景观随后会进一步大规模改变土地用途。土地用途的反复变化对生物多样性的影响仍然知之甚少，特别是基质变化如何与植被清除的初始模式相互作用。我们对澳大利亚东南部濒危温带林地的残余地块中的鸟类进行了为期18年的研究，以量化周围景观中连续土地利用变化的时空影响。我们研究了鸟类对（1）景观改造的初始模式的反应（创建半透明的以牧场为主的草场，牧场周围环绕着残留的林地），（2）随后在林地周围的牧场上建立异国情调的人工林并使其成熟，（3）两种景观转换的加性和交互作用。建模的57种鸟类中的大多数对放牧地向异国人工林的转化做出了响应，而与景观转变的初始模式（20种）无关，或者与景观转变的初始方式交互（18种）或累加（15种）。仅一种物种（常见的青铜翅）的出现与最初的转化模式有关，而与人工林的建立无关。因此，尽管在我们的18年调查中，人工林内林地的许多特征在很大程度上保持不变，基质对它们所居住的物种产生了深远的影响，随着基质的不断变化，这种影响通常会随着时间的推移而放大。人工林的建立引发了新的区域级空间过程，对距离人工林2公里以内的林地中检测到的鸟类产生了影响。与初始转换相比，针对具有不同特征（大小，饮食和运动方式）的物种选择的矩阵转换，表明该转换对鸟类群落起着不同的过滤器作用。新型的景观改造（例如在先前清理过的土地上建立人工林）可以从根本上影响在先前修改过的景观中已存在数十年的物种。这凸显了在不断变化的人类主导环境中保护分类单元的挑战，同时也带来了机遇。